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Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) Experiment Onboard NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory

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Abstract

The description of Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) experiment is presented, as a part of the NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory mission onboard the mars rover Curiosity. The instrument DAN includes Pulsing Neutron Generator (PNG) producing pulses of 14.1 MeV neutrons for irradiation of subsurface material below the rover, and Detectors and Electronics (DE) unit, which operates the instrument itself and measures the die-away time profiles of epithermal and thermal neutrons following each neutron pulse. It is shown that the DAN investigation will measure a content of hydrogen along the path of the MSL rover, and it will also provide information about a depth distribution of hydrogen at 10–20 regions selected for the detailed studies and sampling analysis.

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Abbreviations

ASA:

Active Surface Analysis

ASM:

Active Surface Monitoring

CEN:

Counter of Epithermal Neutrons

CTEN:

Counter of Thermal and Epithermal Neutrons

DAN:

Dynamic Albedo of neutrons

DE:

Detectors and Electronics

FWHM:

Full Width Half Maximum

GCR:

Galactic Cosmic Rays

HCAS:

Hydrogen or Chemical Anomaly Spot

ING:

Industrial Neutron Generator

MCNPX:

Monte Carlo Neutrons Protons X-rays

MeV:

Mega electron Volt

MMTRG:

Multi Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator

MSL:

Mars Science Laboratory

PDS:

Planetary Data System

PNG:

Pulsing Neutron Generator

PSA:

Passive Surface Analysis

SPE:

Solar Particle Event

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Acknowledgements

In conclusion, the all DAN team would like to express their gratitude to the entire team of the MSL project for excellent professional support of DAN development and integration onboard the rover Curiosity. The authors are also very much thankful to anonymous reviewers of this paper for helpful comments, questions and language corrections, which have improved the original paper very much.

We wish to thank the International Space Science Institute (ISSI, Bern, Switzerland) for the support of researches (included in the framework of international team “Nuclear Planetology” in 2007–2010) presented in this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Space Research Institute, Profsouznaya street 84/32, Moscow, 117997, Russia

    I. G. Mitrofanov, M. L. Litvak, A. B. Varenikov, A. S. Kozyrev, R. O. Kuzmin, A. V. Malakhov, M. I. Mokrousov, A. B. Sanin, V. I. Tret’yakov & A. A. Vostrukhin

  2. All-Russian Institute of Automatics, Moscow, 101000, P.O. Box 918, Russia

    Y. N. Barmakov, E. P. Bogolubov, V. I. Ryzhkov & G. A. Smirnov

  3. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA

    A. Behar & E. Kan

  4. A.A. Blagonravov Institute of Mechanical Engineering, M. Hariton’evskii per., 4, Moscow, 101990, Russia

    Y. I. Bobrovnitsky, S. N. Ponomareva & T. M. Tomilina

  5. Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA

    W. V. Boynton & K. Harshman

  6. Joint Institute of Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia

    V. N. Shvetsov & G. N. Timoshenko

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  1. I. G. Mitrofanov
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  2. M. L. Litvak
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  3. A. B. Varenikov
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  4. Y. N. Barmakov
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  6. Y. I. Bobrovnitsky
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  7. E. P. Bogolubov
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  8. W. V. Boynton
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  9. K. Harshman
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  10. E. Kan
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  11. A. S. Kozyrev
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  12. R. O. Kuzmin
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  13. A. V. Malakhov
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  14. M. I. Mokrousov
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  15. S. N. Ponomareva
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  16. V. I. Ryzhkov
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  17. A. B. Sanin
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  18. G. A. Smirnov
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  19. V. N. Shvetsov
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  20. G. N. Timoshenko
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  21. T. M. Tomilina
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  22. V. I. Tret’yakov
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  23. A. A. Vostrukhin
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Correspondence to I. G. Mitrofanov.

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Mitrofanov, I.G., Litvak, M.L., Varenikov, A.B. et al. Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) Experiment Onboard NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory. Space Sci Rev 170, 559–582 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-012-9924-y

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