Skip to main content
Log in

Masculinity Ideology, Male Identity, and Romantic Relationship Quality Among Heterosexual and Gay Men

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Sex Roles Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This research assessed factors that may affect men’s romantic relationships. One hundred men (50 heterosexual and 50 gay) in the Northeast US completed measures that assessed masculinity ideology, male identity, and relationship quality. We examined whether the quality of heterosexual men’s romantic relationships differ from that of romantic relationships among gay men, and whether masculinity ideology and male identity are related to the quality of heterosexual and same-sex romantic relationships. Results indicated no differences between heterosexual and gay men in the perceived quality of romantic relationships. However, in both gay and heterosexual men, traditional masculinity ideology and a male identity characterized by a lack of psychological relatedness to other men were associated with lower quality romantic relationships.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bailey, J. M., Kim, P. Y., Hills, A., & Linsenmeier, J. A. W. (1997). Butch, femme, or straight acting? Partner preferences of gay men and lesbians. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 960–973.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burn, S. M., & Ward, A. Z. (2005). Men’s conformity to traditional masculinity and relationship satisfaction. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 6, 254–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, J. L., & Snow, B. M. (1992). Gender role conflict and family environment as predictors of men’s marital satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 6, 84–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., & Willis, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310–357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • David, D., & Brannon, R. (1976). The forty-nine percent majority: The male sex role. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Di-Dio, L., Saragovi, C., Koestner, R., & Aube, J. (1996). Linking personal values to gender. Sex Roles, 34, 621–636.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, S. M., & Rusbult, C. E. (1986). Satisfaction and commitment in homosexual and heterosexual relationships. Journal of Homosexuality, 12, 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elizur, Y., & Mintzer, A. (2003). Gay males’ intimate relationship quality: The roles of attachment security, gay identity, social support, and income. Personal Relationships, 10, 411–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Englar-Carlson, M., & Stevens, M. A. (Eds.) (2006). In the room with men: A casebook of therapeutic change. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

  • Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity youth and crisis. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feingold, A. (1994). Gender differences in personality: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 429–456.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick, M. K., Salgado, D. M., Suvak, M. K., King, L. A., & King, D. W. (2004). Associations of gender and gender-role ideology with behavioral and attitudinal features of intimate partner aggression. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5, 91–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, C. (1984). The changing definition of masculinity. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garthoeffner, J. L., Henry, C. S., & Robinson, L. C. (1993). The modified interpersonal relationships scale: Reliability and validity. Psychological Reports, 73, 995–1004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, I. M. (1995). Messages men hear. London: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huston, M., & Schwartz, P. (2002). Gendered dynamics in the romantic relationships of lesbians and gay men. In A. E. Hunter & C. Forden (Eds.), Readings in the psychology of gender: Exploring our differences and commonalities (pp. 167–178). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurdek, L. A. (1994). The nature and correlates of relationship quality in gay, lesbian, and heterosexual cohabiting couples. In B. Greene & G. Herek (Eds.), Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 133–155). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurdek, L. A. (2004). Are gay and lesbian cohabiting couples really different from heterosexual married couples? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 66, 880–900.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurdek, L. A. (2005). What do we know about gay and lesbian couples. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 251–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurdek, L. A., & Schmitt, J. P. (1986a). Relationship quality of partners in heterosexual married, heterosexual cohabiting, and gay and lesbian relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 711–720.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurdek, L. A., & Schmitt, J. P. (1986b). Interaction of sex role self-concept with relationship quality and relationship beliefs in married, heterosexual cohabiting, gay, and lesbian couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 365–370.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levant, R. F. (1996). The new psychology of men. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 3, 259–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levant, R. F., Hirsch, L., Celentano, E., Cozza, T., Hill, S., MacEachern, M., et al. (1992). The male role: An investigation of norms and stereotypes. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 14, 325–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levant, R. F., & Richmond, K. (2004). A review of research on masculinity ideologies using the Male Role Norms Inventory. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, HI.

  • Lewis, R. A., & Spanier, G. B. (1979). Theorizing about the quality and stability of marriage. In W. R. Burr, R. Hill, F. I. Nye, & I. L. Reiss (Eds.), Contemporary theories about the family (Vol. 2) (pp. 268–294). New York: Free.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippa, R. A., & Tan, F. D. (2001). Does culture moderate the relationship between sexual orientation and gender-related personality traits? Cross-Cultural Research: The Journal of Comparative Social Science, 35, 65–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, W. (2002). Exploring the lives of Asian American men: Racial identity, male role norms, gender role conflict, and prejudicial attitudes. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 3, 107–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markstrom, H. M., & Kalmanir, H. M. (2001). Linkages between the psychosocial stages of identity and intimacy and the ego strengths of fidelity and love. Identity, 1, 179–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCreary, D. R. (1990). Multidimensionality and the measurement of gender role attributes: A comment on Archer. British Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 265–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Means-Christensen, A. J. (2003). Assessing nontraditional couples: Validity of the Marital Satisfaction Inventory—Revised with gay, lesbian, and cohabiting heterosexual couples. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29, 69–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohr, J. J., & Fassinger, R. E. (2006). Sexual orientation identity and romantic relationship quality in same-sex couples. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1085–1099.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neil, J. M. (1981). Male sex role conflicts, sexism, and masculinity: Psychological implications for men, women, and the counseling psychologist. The Counseling Psychologist, 9, 61–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neil, J. M., Good, G. E., & Holmes, S. (1995). Fifteen years of theory and research on men’s gender role conflict: New paradigms for empirical research. In R. Levant & W. Pollack (Eds.), The new psychology of men. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neil, J. M., Helms, B., Gable, R., David, L., & Wrightsman, L. (1986). Gender-role conflict scale: College men’s fear of femininity. Sex Roles, 14, 335–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peplau, L. A. (1993). Lesbian and gay relationships. In L. D. Garnets & D. C. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 395–419). New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pleck, J. H. (1995). The gender role strain paradigm: An update. In R. F. Levant & W. S. Pollack (Eds.), A new psychology of men(pp. 11–32). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pleck, J. H., Sonenstein, F. L., & Ku, L. C. (1993). Masculinity ideology: Its impact on adolescent males’ heterosexual relationships. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 11–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rochlen, A. B., & Mahalik, J. R. (2004). Women’s perceptions of male partners’ gender role conflict as predictors of psychological well-being and relationship satisfaction. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5, 147–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rook, K. S., & Pietromonaco, P. (1987). Close relationships: Ties that heal or ties that bind? Advances in Personal Relationships, 1, 1–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlein, S., Guerney, B. G., Jr., & Stover, L. (1990). The interpersonal relationships scale. In J. Touliatos, B. F. Perlmutter, & M. A. Straus (Eds.), Handbook of family measurement techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuster, T. L., Kessler, R. C., & Aseltine, R. H. (1990). Supportive interactions, negative interactions, and depressed mood. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 423–437.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe, M. J., Heppner, P. P., & Dixon, W. A. (1995). Gender role conflict, instrumentality, expressiveness, and well-being in adult men. Sex Roles, 33, 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siavelis, R. L., & Lamke, L. K. (1992). Instrumentalness and expressiveness: Predictors of heterosexual relationship satisfaction. Sex Roles, 26, 149–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinn, J. S. (1997). The predictive and discriminant validity of masculinity ideology. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 117–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 15–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spanier, G. B., & Lewis, R. A. (1980). Marital quality: A review of the Seventies. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42, 825–839.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sprecher, S., & Hendrick, S. S. (2004). Self-disclosure in intimate relationships: Associations with individual and relationship characteristics over time. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 857–877.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steiner-Pappalardo, N. L., & Gurung, R. A. R. (2002). The femininity effect: Relationship quality, sex, gender, attachment, and significant-other concepts. Personal Relationships, 9, 313–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. E. (1995). Health psychology (3rd ed.). New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Truman, D. M., Tokar, D. M., & Fischer, A. R. (1996). Dimensions of masculinity: Relations to date rape supportive attitudes and sexual aggression in dating situations. Journal of Counseling and Development, 74, 555–562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wade, J. C. (1998). Male reference group identity dependence: A theory of male identity. The Counseling Psychologist, 26, 349–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wade, J. C. (2001). Professional men’s attitudes toward race and gender equity. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 10(1), 73–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wade, J. C., & Brittan-Powell, C. S. (2000). Male reference group identity dependence: Support for construct validity. Sex Roles, 43, 323–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wade, J. C., & Brittan-Powell, C. S. (2001). Men’s attitudes toward race and gender equity: The importance of masculinity ideology, gender related traits, and reference group identity dependence. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 2, 42–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wade, J. C., & Gelso, C. J. (1998). Reference group identity dependence scale: A measure of male identity. The Counseling Psychologist, 26, 384–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., Hubbard, B., & Wiese, D. (2000). General traits of personality and affectivity as predictors of satisfaction in intimate relationships: Evidence from self- and partner-ratings. Journal of Personality, 68, 413–449.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wester, S. R., Pionke, D. R., & Vogel, D. L. (2005). Male gender role conflict, gay men, and same-sex romantic relationships. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 6, 195–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willis, T. A. (1985). Supportive functions of relationships. In S. Cohen & L. Syme (Eds.), Social support and health (pp. 61–82). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jay C. Wade.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wade, J.C., Donis, E. Masculinity Ideology, Male Identity, and Romantic Relationship Quality Among Heterosexual and Gay Men. Sex Roles 57, 775–786 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9303-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9303-4

Keywords

Navigation