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Late Entry into Primary School in Developing Societies: Findings from Cross-National Household Surveys

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Abstract

Late entry into primary school is a widespread phenomenon in developing countries. Students who enter school late are more likely to repeat grades, drop out and perform more poorly. Yet the phenomenon has received little scholarly attention, and there is a dearth of cross-national data. In this paper, we draw on data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS2), a cross-national household survey conducted in developing countries. We first estimate the percentage of students entering primary school late across 38 countries in order to identify the countries in which the issue of late entry is most common. Secondly, we describe the background characteristics of students who are more likely to enter school late. We then employ multinominal logistic regression equations to predict the probability of late entry. Our findings highlight the need for policies to reduce late entry for children from disadvantaged backgrounds.

Résumé

LA SCOLARISATION TARDIVE ÉTUDIÉE DANS 38 PAYS – L’entrée tardive à l’école primaire est un phénomène très répandu dans les pays en développement. Les élèves scolarisés tardivement risquent davantage le redoublement, la déscolarisation ou des résultats plus faibles. Le phénomène n’a pourtant suscité qu’un faible intérêt au sein du monde scientifique, et l’on peut parler d’une pénurie de données transnationales à ce sujet. Dans cet article, nous nous appuyons sur l’enquête à indicateurs multiples (MICS2), une enquête ménages transnationale réalisée dans des pays en développement. Nous estimons tout d’abord le pourcentage d’élèves scolarisés tardivement dans 38 pays, afin d’identifier les pays pour lesquels la scolarisation tardive est un problème plus fréquent. Dans un second temps, nous décrivons les origines caractéristiques des élèves davantage susceptibles d’entrer plus tard à l’école. Enfin, nous utilisons les équations de régression logistique multinominale pour évaluer la probabilité d’une scolarisation tardive. Nos résultats éclairent la nécessité de formuler des politiques aptes à réduire la scolarisation tardive chez les enfants issus de milieux défavorisés.

Zusammenfassung

SPÄTE EINSCHULUNG IN 38 LÄNDERN – Der verspätete Eintritt in die Grundschule ist ein weit verbreitetes Phänomen in Entwicklungsländern. Schülerinnen und Schüler, die verspätet eingeschult werden, müssen häufiger Klassen wiederholen, brechen mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit ihre Schullaufbahn ab und zeigen schlechtere Leistungen. Dennoch wurde dieses Phänomen von der Wissenschaft wenig beachtet und es mangelt an länderübergreifenden Daten. In diesem Beitrag beziehen wir uns auf Daten aus der Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS2), einer länderübergreifenden Haushaltsumfrage, die in Entwicklungsländern durchgeführt wurde. Als Erstes schätzen wir den Prozentsatz der verspätet eingeschulten Schülerinnen und Schüler in 38 Ländern, um herauszufinden, in welchen Ländern das Problem der verspäteten Einschulung am weitesten verbreitet ist. Als Nächstes beschreiben wir den Hintergrund der Schülerinnen und Schüler, die mit größerer Wahrscheinlichkeit verspätet eingeschult werden. Mittels multinominaler logistischer Regressionsgleichungen errechnen wir sodann die Wahrscheinlichkeit der verspäteten Einschulung. Unsere Ergebnisse machen den Bedarf an politischen Maßnahmen zur früheren Einschulung benachteiligter Kinder deutlich.

Resumen

ESCOLARIZACIÓN TARDÍA EN 38 PAÍSES – El ingreso tardío en la escuela primaria es un fenómeno muy difundido entre los países en vías de desarrollo. Los estudiantes que ingresan tardíamente en la escuela presentan una mayor probabilidad de repetir el grado, de abandonar los estudios y de presentar un desarrollo más deficiente. Hasta ahora, este fenómeno ha recibido poca atención por parte del mundo académico, y hay una falta de datos que abarquen diferentes países. En este trabajo, nos basamos en datos obtenidos por la metodología de la Encuesta de Indicadores Múltiples por Conglomerados (MICS2), una encuesta realizada en los hogares de diferentes países en vías de desarrollo. En primer lugar, estimamos el porcentaje de estudiantes que ingresan tardíamente en la escuela primaria en 38 países, para identificar de esta manera aquellos países donde el problema de la escolarización tardía es más común. En segundo lugar, describimos los orígenes característicos de los estudiantes que presentan una mayor probabilidad de ingresar tardíamente en la escuela. Luego, empleamos ecuaciones de regresión logística multinominal para predecir la probabilidad de escolarización tardía. Nuestros hallazgos ponen de relieve la necesidad de que se desarrollen e implementen políticas que reduzcan la escolarización tardÍa de niños provenientes de entornos desaventajados.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Yumiko Ota for the production of data files used for the analyses and Anna Smeby for her comments on earlier drafts. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of the UNICEF or any of its affiliated organisations.

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Correspondence to Yuko Nonoyama-Tarumi.

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Nonoyama-Tarumi, Y., Loaiza, E. & Engle, P.L. Late Entry into Primary School in Developing Societies: Findings from Cross-National Household Surveys. Int Rev Educ 56, 103–125 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-010-9151-2

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