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The significance of D-amino acids in soil, fate and utilization by microbes and plants: review and identification of knowledge gaps

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Abstract

Background

D-amino acids are far less abundant in nature than L-amino acids. Both L- and D-amino acids enter soil from different sources including plant, animal and microbial biomass, antibiotics, faeces and synthetic insecticides. Moreover, D-amino acids appear in soil due to abiotic or biotic racemization of L-amino acids. Both L- and D-amino acids occur as bound in soil organic matter and as “free“ amino acids dissolved in soil solution or exchangeably bound to soil colloids. D-amino acids are mineralized at slower rates compared to the corresponding L-enantiomers. Plants have a capacity to directly take up “free“ D-amino acids by their roots but their ability to utilize them is low and thus D-amino acids inhibit plant growth.

Scope

The aim of this work is to review current knowledge on D-amino acids in soil and their utilization by soil microorganisms and plants, and to identify critical knowledge gaps and directions for future research.

Conclusion

Assessment of “free“ D-amino acids in soils is currently complicated due to the lack of appropriate extraction procedures. This information is necessary for consequent experimental determination of their significance for crop production and growth of plants in different types of managed and unmanaged ecosystems. Hypotheses on occurrence of “free“ D-amino acids in soil are presented in this review.

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Acknowledgements

This text was created within the framework of the Grant MSM6215648902 (part 4/2/2) and the IGA Project 47/2010-2012.

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  1. Department of Geology and Soil Science, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 3, 613 00, Brno, the Czech Republic

    Valerie Vranova, Klement Rejsek & Pavel Formanek

  2. Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, the Czech Republic

    Helena Zahradnickova

  3. Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, England, YO10 5DD, UK

    Avtar S. Matharu

  4. CzechGlobe—Global Change Research Centre AS CR, v.v.i., Belidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, the Czech Republic

    Dalibor Janous

  5. Biosphere Research Institute, Letham, Angus, DD8 2PY, Scotland, UK

    Keith R. Skene

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Vranova, V., Zahradnickova, H., Janous, D. et al. The significance of D-amino acids in soil, fate and utilization by microbes and plants: review and identification of knowledge gaps. Plant Soil 354, 21–39 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-1059-5

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