Abstract
Neuropsychological methods and techniques have much to offer in the evaluation of the individual suspected as having Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). After a review of the historical evolution of the ADHD concept, incidence and prevalence, and DSM-IV criteria for diagnosis, especially as regards omission related to gender differences, and other associated cultural, familial, socioenvironmental, and subject influences, this paper describes a number of dilemmas and obstacles encountered in clinical practice. Included are the confounds associated with the wide range of possible comorbidities, the insufficiency of current DSM-IV criteria, the emergence of subtype differentiation and its impact on diagnosis and treatment. The complex relationship between neuropsychological constructs and ADHD, and obstacles to valid assessment are also addressed. The complexities associated with a thorough ADHD evaluation are viewed within an impressive and expansive existing scientific framework and recommendations are made for future directions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics). (2000). Diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 105, 1158–1170.
Aaron, P. G., Joshi, R. M., Palmer, H., Smith, N., & Kirby, E. (2002). Separating genuine cases of reading disability from reading deficits caused by predominantly inattentive ADHD behavior. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 35(5), 425–436.
Abikoff, H., & Klein, R. G. (1992). Attention-deficit hyperactivity and conduct disorder: Comorbidity and implications for treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(6), 881–892.
Abikoff, H. B., Jensen, P. S., Arnold, L. L. E., Hoza, B., Hechtman, L., Pollack, S., et al. (2002). Observed classroom behavior of children with ADHD: Relationship to gender and comorbidity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(4), 349–359.
Accardo, P. J., Blondis, T. A., & Whitman, B. Y. (1990). Disorders of attention and activity level in a referral population. Pediatrics, 85(3 Pt 2), 426–431.
Achenbach, T. M. (2000). Assessment of psychopathology. In A. Sameroff, M. Lewis, & S. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 41–56). New York: Plenum.
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1983). Manual for the child behavior profile and child behavior checklist. Burlington: University of Vermont.
Achenbach, T. M., Howell, C. T., Quay, H. C., & Conners, C. K. (1991). National survey of problems and competencies among four- to sixteen-year-olds: Parents’ reports for normative and clinical samples. Monographs for Social Research in Child Development, 56(3), 1–131.
Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2), 213–232.
Adler, L., & Spencer, T. (2004). The adult ADHD clinical diagnostic scale (ACDS) (V 1.2 ed. Vol. New York). New York: New York University School of Medicine.
Alberts-Corush, J., Firestone, P., & Goodman, J. T. (1986). Attention and impulsivity characteristics of the biological and adoptive parents of hyperactive and normal control children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 56(3), 413–423.
Aldenkamp, A., van Bronswijk, K., Braken, M., Diepman, L. A., Verwey, L. E., & Van Den Wittenboer, G. (2000). A clinical comparative study evaluating the effect of epilepsy versus ADHD on timed cognitive tasks in children. Child Neuropsychology, 6(3), 209–217.
Anderson, C. A., Hinshaw, S. P., & Simmel, C. (1994). Mother-child interactions in ADHD and comparison boys: Relationships with overt and covert externalizing behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22(2), 247–265.
Anderson, V., Anderson, D., & Anderson, P. (2006). Comparing attentional skills in children with acquired and developmental central nervous system disorders. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12(4), 519–531.
Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Erkanli, A. (1999). Comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40(1), 57–87.
Antrop, I., Roeyers, H., Oosterlaan, J., & Van Oost, P. (2002). Agreement between parent and teacher ratings of disruptive behavior disorders in children with clinically diagnosed ADHD. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24(1), 67–73.
Antrop, I., Roeyers, H., Van Oost, P., & Buysse, A. (2000). Stimulation seeking and hyperactivity in children with ADHD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41(2), 225–231.
APA. (1968). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
APA. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
APA. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd Edition.-Revised). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
APA. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
APA. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Edition-Text Revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Applegate, B., Lahey, B. B., Hart, E. L., Biederman, J., Hynd, G. W., Barkley, R. A., et al. (1997). Validity of the age-of-onset criterion for ADHD: A report from the DSM-IV field trials. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(9), 1211–1221.
Arcia, E., & Conners, C. K. (1998). Gender differences in ADHD? Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 19(2), 77–83.
Arnold, L. E., Abikoff, H. B., Cantwell, D. P., Conners, C. K., Elliott, G., Greenhill, L. L., et al. (1997). National institute of mental health collaborative multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD (the MTA). Design challenges and choices. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54(9), 865–870.
Arnold, P. D., Ickowicz, A., Chen, S., & Schachar, R. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with and without obsessive-compulsive behaviours: Clinical characteristics, cognitive assessment, and risk factors. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50(1), 59–66.
Arnsten, A. F. (2006). Stimulants: Therapeutic actions in ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31(11), 2376–2383.
Arnsten, A. F., & Dudley, A. G. (2005). Methylphenidate improves prefrontal cortical cognitive function through alpha2 adrenoceptor and dopamine D1 receptor actions: Relevance to therapeutic effects in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 1(1), 2.
Atkins, M. S., Pelham, W. E., & Licht, M. H. (1985). A comparison of objective classroom measures and teacher ratings of Attention Deficit Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13(1), 155–167.
August, G. J., & Garfinkel, B. D. (1990). Comorbidity of ADHD and reading disability among clinic-referred children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18(1), 29–45.
August, G. J., & Garfinkel, B. D. (1998). Issues in the classification of disruptive behavior and attention deficit disorders. In T. A. Widiger, A. J. Frances, H. A. Pincus, R. Ross, M. B. First, W. Davis & M. Kline (Eds.), DSM-IV sourcebook (Vol. 4, pp. 427–448). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
August, G. J., Realmuto, G. M., MacDonald, A. W., 3rd, Nugent, S. M., & Crosby, R. (1996). Prevalence of ADHD and comorbid disorders among elementary school children screened for disruptive behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24(5), 571–595.
Baddeley, A. D. (1996). The fractionation of working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 13468–13472.
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. A. Bower (ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 47–89). New York: Academic Press.
Baird, J., Stevenson, J. C., & Williams, D. C. (2000). The evolution of ADHD: A disorder of communication? Quarterly Review of Biology, 75(1), 17–35.
Band, G. P. H., & Scheres, A. (2005). Is inhibition impaired in ADHD? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 23, 517–521.
Barkley, R. A. (1990). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Plenum.
Barkley, R. A. (1997a). ADHD and the nature of self-control. New York: Guilford Press.
Barkley, R. A. (1997b). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, self-regulation, and time: Toward a more comprehensive theory. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 18(4), 271–279.
Barkley, R. A. (1997c). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 65–94.
Barkley, R. A. (1998). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Barkley, R. A. (2001). The inattentive type of ADHD as a distinct disorder: What remains to be done. Clinical Psychology-Science and Practice, 8(4), 489–493.
Barkley, R. A. (2002). Major life activity and health outcomes associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63(Suppl 12), 10–15.
Barkley, R. A. (2003). Issues in the diagnosis of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children. Brain Development, 25(2), 77–83.
Barkley, R. A. (2006). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press (pp. 76–121).
Barkley, R. A., Anastopoulos, A. D., Guevremont, D. C., & Fletcher, K. E. (1991). Adolescents with ADHD: Patterns of behavioral adjustment, academic functioning, and treatment utilization. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(5), 752–761.
Barkley, R. A., & Biederman, J. (1997). Toward a broader definition of the age-of-onset criterion for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(9), 1204–1210.
Barkley, R. A., DuPaul, G. J., & McMurray, M. B. (1990). Comprehensive evaluation of attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity as defined by research criteria. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58(6), 775–789.
Barkley, R. A., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1987). Assessing situational variation in children’s behavior problems: The Home and School Situations Questionnaires. In R. Prinz (ed.), Advances in behavioral assessment of children and families (Vol. 3, pp. 157–176). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Barkley, R. A., Edwards, G., Laneri, M., Fletcher, K., & Metevia, L. (2001). Executive functioning, temporal discounting, and sense of time in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(6), 541–556.
Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Edelbrock, C. S., & Smallish, L. (1990). The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: I. An 8-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(4), 546–557.
Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2002). The persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(2), 279–289.
Barkley, R. A., & Fisher, M. (2005). The ADHD Report, 13(6), 1–4.
Barkley, R. A., Grodzinsky, G., & DuPaul, G. J. (1992). Frontal lobe functions in attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: A review and research report. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20(2), 163–188.
Barkley, R. A., Murphy, K. R., & Bush, T. (2001). Time perception and reproduction in young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology, 15(3), 351–360.
Barkley, R. A., Shelton, T. L., Crosswait, C., Moorehouse, M., Fletcher, K., Barrett, S., et al. (2002). Preschool children with disruptive behavior: Three-year outcome as a function of adaptive disability. Developmental Psychopathology, 14(1), 45–67.
Barkley, R. A., & Ullman, D. G. (1975). A comparison of objective measures of activity and distractibility in hyperactive and nonhyperactive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 3(3), 231–244.
Barry, R. J., Johnstone, S. J., & Clarke, A. R. (2003). A review of electrophysiology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: II. Event-related potentials. Clinical Neurophysiology, 114(2), 184–198.
Barry, T. D., Lyman, R. D., & Klinger, L. G. (2002). Academic underachievement and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The negative impact of symptom severity on school performance. Journal of School Psychology, 40(3), 259–283.
Bauermeister, J. J., Alegria, M., Bird, H. R., Rubio-Stipec, M., & Canino, G. (1992). Are attentional-hyperactivity deficits unidimensional or multidimensional syndromes? Empirical findings from a community survey. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(3), 423–431.
Bauermeister, J. J., Matos, M., Reina, G., Salas, C. C., Martinez, J. V., Cumba, E., et al. (2005). Comparison of the DSM-IV combined and inattentive types of ADHD in a school-based sample of Latino/Hispanic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(2), 166–179.
Beiser, M., Dion, R., & Gotowiec, A. (2000). The structure of attention-deficit and hyperactivity symptoms among Native and non-Native elementary school children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(5), 425–437.
Beitchman, J. H., Wekerle, C., & Hood, J. (1987). Diagnostic continuity from preschool to middle childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(5), 694–699.
Berlin, L., Bohlin, G., Nyberg, L., & Janols, L. O. (2004). How well do measures of inhibition and other executive functions discriminate between children with ADHD and controls? Child Neuropsychology, 10(1), 1–13.
Berwid, O. G., Curko Kera, E. A., Marks, D. J., Santra, A., Bender, H. A., & Halperin, J. M. (2005). Sustained attention and response inhibition in young children at risk for Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(11), 1219–1229.
Biederman, J. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A selective overview. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1215–1220.
Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Mick, E., Moore, P., & Lelon, E. (1996). Child behavior checklist findings further support comorbidity between ADHD and major depression in a referred sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(6), 734–742.
Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Mick, E., Wozniak, J., Chen, L., Ouellette, C., et al. (1996). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and juvenile mania: An overlooked comorbidity? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(8), 997–1008.
Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Milberger, S., Guite, J., Mick, E., Chen, L., et al. (1996). A prospective 4-year follow-up study of attention-deficit hyperactivity and related disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(5), 437–446.
Biederman, J., & Faraone, S. V. (2005). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet, 366(9481), 237–248.
Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Doyle, A., Lehman, B. K., Kraus, I., Perrin, J., et al. (1993). Convergence of the Child Behavior Checklist with structured interview-based psychiatric diagnoses of ADHD children with and without comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34(7), 1241–1251.
Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Mick, E., Spencer, T., Wilens, T., Kiely, K., et al. (1995). High-risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children of parents with childhood-onset of the disorder—a pilot-study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(3), 431–435.
Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Milberger, S., & Doyle, A. (1993). Diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from parent reports predict diagnoses based on teacher reports. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(2), 315–317.
Biederman, J., Kwon, A., Aleardi, M., Chouinard, V. A., Marino, T., Cole, H., et al. (2005). Absence of gender effects on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Findings in nonreferred subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(6), 1083–1089.
Biederman, J., Mick, E., & Faraone, S. V. (2000). Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Impact of remission definition and symptom type. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(5), 816–818.
Biederman, J., Mick, E., Faraone, S. V., Braaten, E., Doyle, A., Spencer, T., et al. (2002). influence of gender on attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children referred to a psychiatric clinic. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(1), 36–42.
Biederman, J., Milberger, S., Faraone, S. V., Kiely, K., Guite, J., Mick, E., et al. (1995). Impact of adversity on functioning and comorbidity in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(11), 1495–1503.
Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Doyle, A. E., Seidman, L. J., Wilens, T. E., Ferrero, F., et al. (2004). Impact of executive function deficits and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on academic outcomes in children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(5), 757–766.
Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Kendrick, E., Klein, K. L., & Faraone, S. V. (2005). The CBCL as a screen for psychiatric comorbidity in paediatric patients with ADHD. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 90(10), 1010–1015.
Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Mick, E., Spencer, T., Wilens, T. E., Silva, J. M., et al. (2006). Young adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A controlled 10-year follow-up study. Psychological Medicine, 36(2), 167–179.
Biederman, J., Newcorn, J., & Sprich, S. (1991). Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148(5), 564–577.
Biederman, J., & Spencer, T. (1999). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a noradrenergic disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 46(9), 1234–1242.
Bird, H. R., Gould, M. S., & Staghezza, B. M. (1993). Patterns of diagnostic comorbidity in a community sample of children aged 9 through 16 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(2), 361–368.
Birnbaum, H. G., Kessler, R. C., Lowe, S. W., Secnik, K., Greenberg, P. E., Leong, S. A., et al. (2005). Costs of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the US: Excess costs of persons with ADHD and their family members in 2000. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 21(2), 195–206.
Bond, E. D., & Smith, L. H. (1935). Post-encephalitic behavior disorders: A 10-year review the Franklin School. American Journal of Psychiatry, 92, 17–33.
Boonstra, A. M., Oosterlaan, J., Sergeant, J. A., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2005). Executive functioning in adult ADHD: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Medicine, 35(8), 1097–1108.
Booth, J. R., Burman, D. D., Meyer, J. R., Lei, Z., Trommer, B. L., Davenport, N. D., et al. (2005). Larger deficits in brain networks for response inhibition than for visual selective attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(1), 94–111.
Borger, N., & Van Der Meere, J. (2000). Visual behaviour of ADHD children during an attention test: An almost forgotten variable. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41(4), 525–532.
Breen, M. J., & Altepeter, T. S. (1990). Situational Variability in Boys and Girls Identified as ADHD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46(4), 486–490.
Breier, J. I., Gray, L. C., Klaas, P., Fletcher, J. M., & Foorman, B. (2002). Dissociation of sensitivity and response bias in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during central auditory masking. Neuropsychology, 16(1), 28–34.
Brown, R. T., Freeman, W. S., Perrin, J. M., Stein, M. T., Amler, R. W., Feldman, H. M., et al. (2001). Prevalence and assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in primary care settings. Pediatrics, 107(3), e43.
Bruce, B., Thernlund, G., & Nettelbladt, U. (2006). ADHD and language impairment: A study of the parent questionnaire FTF (Five to Fifteen). European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 15(1), 52–60.
Bu-Haroon, A., Eapen, V., & Bener, A. (1999). The prevalence of hyperactivity in the United Arab Emirates. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 28, 439–442.
Buhrmester, D., Whalen, C. K., Henker, B., MacDonald, V., & Hinshaw, S. P. (1992). Prosocial behavior in hyperactive boys: Effects of stimulant medication and comparison with normal boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20(1), 103–121.
Burns, G. L., Boe, B., Walsh, J. A., Sommers-Flanagan, R., & Teegarden, L. A. (2001). A confirmatory factor analysis on the DSM-IV ADHD and ODD symptoms: What is the best model for the organization of these symptoms? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(4), 339–349.
Bush, G., Valera, E. M., & Seidman, L. J. (2005). Functional neuroimaging of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review and suggested future directions. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1273–1284.
Bussing, R., Gary, F. A., Mills, T. L., & Garvan, C. W. (2003). Parental explanatory models of ADHD—Gender and cultural variations. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38(10), 563–575.
Byrne, J. M., DeWolfe, N. A., & Bawden, H. N. (1998). Assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in preschoolers. Child Neuropsychology, 4(1), 49–66.
Campbell, S. B. (1995). Behavior problems in the preschool child: A review of the recent literature. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 113–149.
Cantwell, D. P. (1996). Attention deficit disorder: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(8), 978–987.
Cantwell, D. P., & Baker, L. (1992). Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: A review and comparison of matched groups. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(3), 432–438.
Carey, W. B. (1998). ADHD as a disorder of adaptation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(8), 797–798.
Carlson, C. L., Booth, J. E., Shin, M. S., & Canu, W. H. (2002). Parent-, teacher-, and self-rated motivational styles in ADHD subtypes. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 35(2), 104–113.
Carlson, C. L., Lahey, B. B., Frame, C. L., Walker, J., & Hynd, G. W. (1987). Sociometric status of clinic-referred children with attention deficit disorders with and without hyperactivity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15(4), 537–547.
Carlson, C. L., & Mann, M. (2000). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive subtype. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 9(3), 499–510.
Carlson, C. L., & Mann, M. (2002). Sluggish cognitive tempo predicts a different pattern of impairment in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive type. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(1), 123–129.
Carlson, C. L., & Tamm, L. (2000). Responsiveness of children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder to reward and response cost: Differential impact on performance and motivation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(1), 73–83.
Carlson, C. L., Tamm, L., & Gaub, M. (1997). Gender differences in children with ADHD, ODD, and co-occurring ADHD/ODD identified in a school population. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(12), 1706–1714.
Carlson, G. A. (1990). Child and adolescent mania–diagnostic considerations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31(3), 331–341.
Casey, B. J., Castellanos, F. X., Giedd, J. N., Marsh, W. L., Hamburger, S. D., Schubert, A. B., et al. (1997). Implication of right frontostriatal circuitry in response inhibition and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(3), 374–383.
Casey, B. J., & Durston, S. (2006). From behavior to cognition to the brain and back: What have we learned from functional imaging studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(6), 957–960.
Casey, J. E., Rourke, B. P., & DelDotto, J. E. (1996). Learning disabilitied in children with attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity. Child Neuropsychology, 2, 83–98.
Castellanos, E. X., Glaser, P. E. A., & Gerhardt, G. A. (2006). Towards a neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Fractionating the phenotype. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 151(1), 1–4.
Castellanos, F. X. (1997). Toward a pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Pediatrics (Phila), 36(7), 381–393.
Castellanos, F. X., Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Scheres, A., Di Martino, A., Hyde, C., & Walters, J. R. (2005). Varieties of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder-related intra-individual variability. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1416–1423.
Castellanos, F. X., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Milham, M. P., & Tannock, R. (2006). Characterizing cognition in ADHD: Beyond executive dysfunction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(3), 117–123.
Castellanos, F. X., & Tannock, R. (2002). Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The search for endophenotypes. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(8), 617–628.
CDC. (2003). Mental health in the United States: Prevalence of diagnosis and medication treatment for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder—United States. Center for Disease Control, MMWR, 54(34), 842–847.
Cepeda, N. J., Cepeda, M. L., & Kramer, A. F. (2000). Task switching and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(3), 213–226.
Chamberlain, P., & Patterson, G. R. (1995). Discipline and child compliance in parenting. In M. Bornstein (ed.), Handbook of parenting: Applied and practical parenting (Vol. 4., pp. 205–225). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Chang, H. T., Klorman, R., Shaywitz, S. E., Fletcher, J. M., Marchione, K. E., Holahan, J. M., et al. (1999). Paired-associate learning in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a function of hyperactivity-impulsivity and oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27(3), 237–245.
Chee, P., Logan, G., Schachar, R., Lindsay, P., & Wachsmuth, R. (1989). Effects of event rate and display time on sustained attention in hyperactive, normal, and control children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 17(4), 371–391.
Chelune, G. J., Ferguson, W., Koon, R., & Dickey, T. O. (1986). Frontal lobe disinhibition in attention deficit disorder. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 16(4), 221–234.
Chess, S. (1960). Diagnosis and treatment of the hyperactive child. New York State Journal of Medicine, 60, 2379–2385.
Chhabildas, N., Pennington, B. F., & Willcutt, E. G. (2001). A comparison of the neuropsychological profiles of the DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(6), 529–540.
Clements, S., & Peters, J. E. (1962). Minimal brain dysfunctions in the school-aged child: Diagnosis and treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 6, 185–197.
Cohen, N. J., Vallance, D. D., Barwick, M., Im, N., Menna, R., Horodezky, N. B., et al. (2000). The interface between ADHD and language impairment: An examination of language, achievement, and cognitive processing. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(3), 353–362.
Collett, B. R., Crowley, S. L., Gimpel, G. A., & Greenson, J. N. (2000). The factor structure of DSM-IV attention deficit-hyperactivity symptoms: A confirmatory factor analysis of the ADHD-SRS. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 18(4), 361–373.
Comings, D. E. (2001). Clinical and molecular genetics of ADHD and Tourette syndrome. Two related polygenic disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 931, 50–83.
Conners, C. K., Sitarenios, G., Parker, J. D. A., & Epstein, J. N. (1998). The revised Conners’ Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-R): Factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26(4), 257–268.
Connor, D. F. (2002). Preschool attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A review of prevalence, diagnosis, neurobiology, and stimulant treatment. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 23(1 Suppl), S1–S9.
Connor, D. F., Edwards, G., Fletcher, K. E., Baird, J., Barkley, R. A., & Steingard, R. J. (2003). Correlates of comorbid psychopathology in children with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(2), 193–200.
Cook, E. H. (1999). Genetics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 5(3), 191–198.
Corkum, P., Rimer, P., & Schachar, R. (1999). Parental knowledge of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and opinions of treatment options: Impact on enrollment and adherence to a 12-month treatment trial. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 44(10), 1043–1048.
Counts, C. A., Nigg, J. T., Stawicki, J. A., Rappley, M. D., & von Eye, A. (2005). Family adversity in DSM-IV ADHD combined and inattentive subtypes and associated disruptive behavior problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(7), 690–698.
Crosbie, J., & Schachar, R. (2001). Deficient inhibition as a marker for familial ADHD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(11), 1884–1890.
Crystal, D. S., Ostrander, R., Chen, R. S., & August, G. J. (2001). Multimethod assessment of psychopathology among DSM-IV subtypes of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Self-, parent, and teacher reports. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(3), 189–205.
Cuffe, S. P., McKeown, R. E., Jackson, K. L., Addy, C. L., Abramson, R., & Garrison, C. Z. (2001). Prevalence of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in a community sample of older adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(9), 1037–1044.
Damico, J. S., Damico, S. K., & Armstrong, M. B. (1999). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and communication disorders - Issues and clinical practices. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 8(1), 37–60.
Dane, A. V., Schachar, R. J., & Tannock, R. (2000). Does actigraphy differentiate ADHD subtypes in a clinical research setting? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(6), 752–760.
de Ramirez, R. D., & Shapiro, E. S. (1998). Teacher ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in Hispanic children. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 20(4), 275–293.
Denckla, M. B., Rudel, R. G., Chapman, C., & Krieger, J. (1985). Motor proficiency in dyslexic children with and without attentional disorders. Archives of Neurology, 42(3), 228–231.
Denney, C. B., & Rapport, M. D. (2001). Cognitive pharmacology of stimulants in children with ADHD. In V. Solanto & A. Arnsten (Eds.), Stimulant drugs and ADHD: Basic and clinical neuroscience (Vol. 30, pp. 283–302).
Dige, N., & Wik, G. (2005). Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder identified by neuropsychological testing. International Journal of Neuroscience, 115(2), 169–183.
Douglas, V. I, & Peters, K. (1979). Toward a clearer definition of the attention deficit of hyperactive children. In G. Hale & M. C. Lewis (Eds.), Attention and the development of cognitive skills. New York: Plenum Press.
Douglas, V. I. (1972). Stop, look, and listen: The problem of sustained attention and impulse control in hyperactive and normal children. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 4, 259–282.
Douglas, V. I. (1983). Attentional and cognitive problems. In M. Rutter (ed.), Developmental neuropsychiatry (pp. 280–329). New York: Guilford.
Douglas, V. I. (2005). Cognitive deficits in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A long-term follow-up. Canadian Psychology-Psychologie Canadienne, 46(1), 23–31.
Douglas, V. I., & Parry, P. A. (1994). Effects of reward and nonreward on frustration and attention in attention deficit disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22(3), 281–302.
Doyle, A. E., Wilens, T. E., Kwon, A., Seidman, L. J., Faraone, S. V., Fried, R., et al. (2005). Neuropsychological functioning in youth with bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 58(7), 540–548.
Doyle, A. E., Willcutt, E. G., Seidman, L. J., Biederman, J., Chouinard, V. A., Silva, J., et al. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder endophenotypes. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1324–1335.
Drabick, D. A. G., Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (2006). Co-occurrence of conduct disorder and depression in a clinic-based sample of boys with ADHD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(8), 766–774.
Dulcan, M., Dunne, J. E., Ayres, W., Arnold, V., Benson, R. S., Bernet, W., et al. (1997). Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(10), S85–S121.
Dunn, D. W., Austin, J. K., Harezlak, J., & Ambrosius, W. T. (2003). ADHD and epilepsy in childhood. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 45(1), 50–54.
DuPaul, G. J. (1991). Parent and Teacher Ratings of ADHD Symptoms - Psychometric Properties in a Community-Based Sample. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20(3), 245–253.
DuPaul, G. J. (2006). Academic achievement in children with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(7), 766–767.
DuPaul, G. J., Anastopoulos, A. D., Shelton, T. L., Guevremont, D. C., & Metevia, L. (1992). Multimethod assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder—the diagnostic utility of clinic-based tests. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21(4), 394–402.
DuPaul, G. J., McGoey, K. E., Eckert, T. L., & VanBrakle, J. (2001). Preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Impairments in behavioral, social, and school functioning. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(5), 508–515.
DuPaul, G. J., Power, T. J., Anastopoulos, A. D., Reid, R., McGoey, K. E., & Ikeda, M. J. (1997). Teacher ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms: Factor structure and normative data. Psychological Assessment, 9(4), 436–444.
DuPaul, G. J., Power, T. J., Anastopoulos, A. D., & Reid, R. A. (1998). ADHD rating scale-IV: Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation. New York: Guilford Press.
DuPaul, G. J., & Stoner, G. (1994). ADHD in the schools: Assessment and intervention strategies. New York: Guilford Press.
Dykman, R. A., Peters, J. E., & Ackerman, P. T. (1973). Experimental approaches to the study of minimal brain dysfunction: A follow-up study. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 205, 93–108.
Earls, E. (1982). Application of DSM-III in an epidemiological study of preschool children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139(2), 242–243.
Ebaugh, F. G. (1923). Neuropsychiatric sequelae of acute epidemic encephalitis in children. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 25, 89–97.
Egger, H. L., Kondo, D., & Angold, A. (2006). The epidemiology and diagnostic issues in preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder—A review. Infants and Young Children, 19(2), 109–122.
Eiraldi, R. B., Power, T. J., & Nezu, C. M. (1997). Patterns of comorbidity associated with subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among 6- to 12-year-old children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(4), 503–514.
Elia, J., Ambrosini, P. J., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999). Treatment of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. New England Journal of Medicine, 340(10), 780–788.
Epstein, J. N., Conners, C. K., Erhardt, D., Arnold, L. E., Hechtman, L., Hinshaw, S. P., et al. (2000). Familial aggregation of ADHD characteristics. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(6), 585–594.
Epstein, J. N., Conners, C. K., Erhardt, D., March, J. S., & Swanson, J. M. (1997). Asymmetrical hemispheric control of visual-spatial attention in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology, 11(4), 467–473.
Epstein, J. N., Erkanli, A., Conners, C. K., Klaric, J., Costello, J. E., & Angold, A. (2003). Relations between Continuous Performance Test performance measures and ADHD behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(5), 543–554.
Ernst, M., Kimes, A. S., London, E. D., Matochik, J. A., Eldreth, D., Tata, S., et al. (2003). Neural substrates of decision making in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(6), 1061–1070.
Evans, S. W., Vallano, G., & Pelham, W. E. (1995). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In V. H. V. B. & M. Herson (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychopathology: A guide to diagnosis and treatment (pp. 589–617). New York: Lexington Books.
Fallone, G., Acebo, C., Arnedt, J. T., Seifer, R., & Carskadon, M. A. (2001). Effects of acute sleep restriction on behavior, sustained attention, and response inhibition in children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93(1), 213–229.
Faraone, S., Sergeant, J., & Gillberg, C. (2003). The world wide prevalence of ADHD: Is it an American condition. World Psychiatry, 2, 104–113.
Faraone, S. V. (2005). The scientific foundation for understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a valid psychiatric disorder. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 14(1), 1–10.
Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., Lehman, B. K., Spencer, T., Norman, D., Seidman, L. J., et al. (1993). Intellectual performance and school failure in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and in their siblings. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102(4), 616–623.
Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., Mennin, D., Wozniak, J., & Spencer, T. (1997). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with bipolar disorder: A familial subtype? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(10), 1378–1387.
Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., Mick, E., Williamson, S., Wilens, T., Spencer, T., et al. (2000). Family study of girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(7), 1077–1083.
Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., & Monuteaux, M. C. (2001). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with bipolar disorder in girls: Further evidence for a familial subtype? Journal of Affective Disorders, 64(1), 19–26.
Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., Spencer, T., Wilens, T., Seidman, L. J., Mick, E., et al. (2000). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: An overview. Biological Psychiatry, 48(1), 9–20.
Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., Weber, W., & Russell, R. L. (1998). Psychiatric, neuropsychological, and psychosocial features of DSM-IV subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Results from a clinically referred sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(2), 185–193.
Faraone, S. V., & Doyle, A. E. (2001). The nature and heritability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 10(2), 299–316.
Fischer, M., Barkley, R. A., Fletcher, K. E., & Smallish, L. (1993). The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children: Predictors of psychiatric, academic, social, and emotional adjustment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(2), 324–332.
Fischer, M., Barkley, R. A., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2002). Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: Self-reported psychiatric disorders, comorbidity, and the role of childhood conduct problems and teen CD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(5), 463–475.
Fischer, M., Barkley, R. A., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2005). Executive functioning in hyperactive children as young adults: Attention, inhibition, response perseveration, and the impact of comorbidity. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27(1), 107–133.
Fletcher, J. M., Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1999). Comorbidity of learning and attention disorders. Separate but equal. Pediatrics Clinics of North America, 46(5), 885–897.
Franks, R. P. (2003). Psychiatric issues of childhood seizure disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12(3), 551–565.
Frazier, T. W., Demaree, H. A., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2004). Meta-analysis of intellectual and neuropsychological test performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology, 18(3), 543–555.
Frederick, B. P., & Olmi, D. J. (1994). Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A review of the literature on social skills deficits. Psychology in School, 31, 288–296.
Gadow, K., Drabick, D. A., Loney, J., Sprafkin, J., Salisbury, H., Azizian, A., et al. (2004). Comparison of ADHD symptom subtypes as source-specific syndromes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(6), 1135–1149.
Gadow, K. D., Nolan, E. E., Litcher, L., Carlson, G. A., Panina, N., Golovakha, E., et al. (2000). Comparison of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder symptom subtypes in Ukrainian schoolchildren. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(12), 1520–1527.
Gallagher, R., & Blader, J. (2001). The diagnosis and neuropsychological assessment of adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Scientific study and practical guidelines. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 931, 148–171.
Gaub, M., & Carlson, C. L. (1997). Behavioral characteristics of DSM-IV ADHD subtypes in a school-based population. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25(2), 103–111.
Geller, B., & Luby, J. (1997). Child and adolescent bipolar disorder: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(9), 1168–1176.
Gershon, J. (2002). A metaanalytic review of gender differences in ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 5, 143–154.
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Molloy, E., & Castellanos, F. X. (2001). Brain imaging of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In Adult Attention Deficit Disorder (Vol. 931, pp. 33–49). New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
Gillberg, C., Gillberg, I. C., Rasmussen, P., Kadesjo, B., Soderstrom, H., Rastam, M., et al. (2004). Co-existing disorders in ADHD - implications for diagnosis and intervention. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 13, I80-I92.
Glod, C. A., & Teicher, M. H. (1996). Relationship between early abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, and activity levels in prepubertal children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(10), 1384–1393.
Golden, C. (1978). Stroop color and word test manual (Cat. 30150M). Chicago: Stoelting Co.
Goldman, L. S., Genel, M., Bezman, R. J., & Slanetz, P. J. (1998). Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Medical Association-Journal of the American Medical Association, 279(14), 1100–1107.
Gomez, R., & Condon, M. (1999). Central auditory processing ability in children with ADHD with and without learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 32(2), 150–158.
Gomez, R., Harvey, J., Quick, C., Scharer, I., & Harris, G. (1999). DSM-IV AD/HD: Confirmatory factor models, prevalence, and gender and age differences based on parent and teacher ratings of Australian primary school children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40(2), 265–274.
Gordon, M., & Mettelman, B. B. (1988). The assessment of attention: I. Standardization and reliability of a behavior-based measure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(5), 682–690.
Goyette, G. H., Connors, C. K., & Ulrich, R. F. (1978). Normative data on revised Conners Parent and Teacher Rating Scales. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6(2), 221–236.
Granger, D. A., Whalen, C. K., & Henker, B. (1993). Malleability of social impressions of hyperactive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21(6), 631–647.
Greene, R. W., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Sienna, M., & GarciaJetton, J. (1997). Adolescent outcome of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and social disability: Results from a 4-year longitudinal follow-up study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 758–767.
Greene, R. W., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Wilens, T. E., Mick, E., & Blier, H. K. (1999). Further validation of social impairment as a predictor of substance use disorders: Findings from a sample of siblings of boys with and without ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(3), 349–354.
Gross-Tsur, V., Shalev, R. S., & Amir, N. (1991). Attention deficit disorder: Association with familial-genetic factors. Pediatric Neurology, 7(4), 258–261.
Gruber, R., Sadeh, A., & Raviv, A. (2000). Instability of sleep patterns in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(4), 495–501.
Halperin, J. M., Matier, K., Bedi, G., Sharma, V., & Newcorn, J. H. (1992). Specificity of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity to the diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(2), 190–196.
Halperin, J. M., Newcorn, J. H., Sharma, V., Healey, J. M., Wolf, L. E., Pascualvaca, D. M., et al. (1990). Inattentive and noninattentive ADHD children: Do they constitute a unitary group? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18(4), 437–449.
Harpin, V. A. (2005). The effect of ADHD on the life of an individual, their family, and community from preschool to adult life. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 90(Suppl 1), 2–7.
Harrier, L. K., & DeOrnellas, K. (2005). Performance of children diagnosed with ADHD on selected planning and reconstitution tests. Appl Neuropsychol, 12(2), 106–119.
Harrison, C., & Sofronoff, K. (2002). ADHD and parental psychological distress: Role of demographics, child behavioral characteristics, and parental cognitions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(6), 703–711.
Hart, E. L., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Applegate, B., & Frick, P. J. (1995). Developmental-change in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in boys—a 4-year longitudinal-study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23(6), 729–749.
Hartman, C. A., Willcutt, E. G., Rhee, S. H., & Pennington, B. F. (2004). The relation between sluggish cognitive tempo and DSM-IV ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32(5), 491–503.
Hartung, C. M., & Widiger, T. A. (1998). Gender differences in the diagnosis of mental disorders: Conclusions and controversies of the DSM-IV. Psychological Bulletin, 123, 260–278.
Healey, J. M., Newcorn, J. H., Halperin, J. M., Wolf, L. E., Pascualvaca, D. M., Schmeidler, J., et al. (1993). The Factor Structure of ADHD Items in DSM-III-R - Internal Consistency and External Validation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21(4), 441–453.
Hechtman, L. (1996). Families of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A review. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry-Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie, 41(6), 350–360.
Hechtman, L. (2000). Assessment and diagnosis of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 9(3), 481–498.
Hechtman, L., & Weiss, G. (1983). Long-term outcome of hyperactive children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 53(3), 532–541.
Heilman, K. M., Voeller, K. K. S., & Nadeau, S. E. (1991). A Possible Pathophysiologic Substrate of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Child Neurology, 6, S76-S81.
Hervey, A. S., Epstein, J. N., & Curry, J. F. (2004). Neuropsychology of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology, 18(3), 485–503.
Hill, J. C., & Schoener, E. P. (1996). Age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(9), 1143–1146.
Hinshaw, S. P. (1992). Academic underachievement, attention deficits, and aggression: Comorbidity and implications for intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(6), 893–903.
Hinshaw, S. P., & Melnick, S. M. (1995). Peer relationships in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 7(4), 627–647.
Hinshaw, S. R. (2001). Is the inattentive type of ADHD a separate disorder? Clinical Psychology-Science and Practice, 8(4), 498–501.
Hohman, L. B. (1922). Post-encephalitic behavior disorders in children. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, 33, 372–375.
Homer, C. J., Baltz, R. D., Hickson, G. B., Miles, P. V., Newman, T. B., Shook, J. E., et al. (2000). Clinical practice guideline: Diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 105(5), 1158–1170.
Hoza, B., Pelham, W. E., Waschbusch, D. A., Kipp, H., & Owens, J. S. (2001). Academic task persistence of normally achieving ADHD and control boys: Performance, self-evaluations, and attributions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(2), 271–283.
Huang-Pollock, C. L., & Nigg, J. T. (2003). Searching for the attention deficit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: The case of visuospatial orienting. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(6), 801–830.
Huang-Pollock, C. L., Nigg, J. T., & Carr, T. H. (2005). Deficient attention is hard to find: Applying the perceptual load model of selective attention to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(11), 1211–1218.
Hudziak, J. J., Heath, A. C., Madden, P. F., Reich, W., Bucholz, K. K., Slutske, W., et al. (1998). Latent class and factor analysis of DSM-IV ADHD: A twin study of female adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(8), 848–857.
Humphries, T., Koltun, H., Malone, M., & Roberts, W. (1994). Teacher-identified oral language difficulties among boys with attention problems. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 15(2), 92–98.
Hynd, G. W., Lorys, A. R., Semrud-Clikeman, M., Nieves, N., Huettner, M. I., & Lahey, B. B. (1991). Attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity: A distinct behavioral and neurocognitive syndrome. Journal of Child Neurology, 6(Suppl), S37–S43.
Iaboni, F., Douglas, V. I., & Baker, A. G. (1995). Effects of reward and response costs on inhibition in ADHD children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(1), 232–240.
Ingram, S., Hechtman, L., & Morgenstern, G. (1999). Outcome issues in ADHD: Adolescent and adult long-term outcome. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 5(3), 243–250.
Inoue, K., Nadaoka, T., Oiji, A., Morioka, Y., Totsuka, S., Kanbayashi, Y., et al. (1998). Clinical evaluation of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder by objective quantitative measures. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 28(3), 179–188.
Jaideep, T., Reddy, Y. C., & Srinath, S. (2006). Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in juvenile bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorder, 8(2), 182–187.
James, A., Lai, F. H., & Dahl, C. (2004). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and suicide: A review of possible associations. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 110(6), 408–415.
Jensen, P. S., Hinshaw, S. P., Kraemer, H. C., Lenora, N., Newcorn, J. H., Abikoff, H. B., et al. (2001). ADHD comorbidity findings from the MTA study: Comparing comorbid subgroups. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(2), 147–158.
Jensen, P. S., Martin, D., & Cantwell, D. P. (1997). Comorbidity in ADHD: Implications for research, practice, and DSM-V. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(8), 1065–1079.
Jick, H., Kaye, J. A., & Black, C. (2004). Incidence and prevalence of drug-treated attention deficit disorder among boys in the UK. British Journal of General Practice, 54(502), 345–347.
Jonkman, L. M., Kenemans, J. L., Kemner, C., Verbaten, M. N., & van Engeland, H. (2004). Dipole source localization of event-related brain activity indicative of an early visual selective attention deficit in ADHD children. Clinical Neurophysiology, 115(7), 1537–1549.
Kadesjo, B., & Gillberg, C. (2000). Tourette’s disorder: Epidemiology and comorbidity in primary school children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(5), 548–555.
Kadesjo, B., & Gillberg, C. (2001). The comorbidity of ADHD in the general population of Swedish school-age children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42(4), 487–492.
Kadesjo, C., Kadesjo, B., Hagglof, B., & Gillberg, C. (2001). ADHD in Swedish 3- to 7-year-old children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(9), 1021–1028.
Kalff, A. C., Hendriksen, J. G., Kroes, M., Vles, J. S., Steyaert, J., Feron, F. J., et al. (2002). Neurocognitive performance of 5- and 6-year-old children who met criteria for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder at 18 months follow-up: Results from a prospective population study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(6), 589–598.
Karatekin, C. (2000). Working memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society Meeting, San Francisco, California.
Karatekin, C. (2004). A test of the integrity of the components of Baddeley’s model of working memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(5), 912–926.
Karatekin, C., & Asarnow, R. F. (1998). Working memory in childhood-onset schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Research, 80(2), 165–176.
Kato, P. M., Nichols, M. L., Kerivan, A. S., & Huffman, L. C. (2001). Identifying characteristics of older and younger females with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 22(5), 306–315.
Keenan, K., & Shaw, D. (1997). Developmental and social influences on young girls’ early problem behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 95–113.
Kempton, S., Vance, A., Maruff, P., Luk, E., Costin, J., & Pantelis, C. (1999). Executive function and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Stimulant medication and better executive function performance in children. Psychological Medicine, 29(3), 527–538.
Kessler, J. W. (1980). History of minimal brain dysfunction. In E. Rie & H. Rie (Eds.), Handbook of minimal brain dysfunction: A critical review (pp. 18–52). New York: Wiley Press.
Kessler, R. C. (2004). Establishing the prevalence of adult ADHD around the world: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication and preliminary results from the World Mental Health Initiative. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 7, S93-S93.
Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Demler, O., et al. (2006). The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 716–723.
Kinsbourne, M. (1977). The mechanism of hyperactivity. In M. Blau, I. I. Rapin & M. Kinsbourne (Eds.), Topics in child neurology. New York: Spectrum.
Klein, R. G. (2002). ADHD with comorbid disorders: Clinical assessment and management. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(6), 1072–1072.
Klimkeit, E. I., Mattingley, J. B., Sheppard, D. M., Lee, P., & Bradshaw, J. L. (2005). Motor preparation, motor execution, attention, and executive functions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Child Neuropsychology, 11(2), 153–173.
Klorman, R., Hazel-Fernandez, L. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Fletcher, J. M., Marchione, K. E., Holahan, J. M., et al. (1999). Executive functioning deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are independent of oppositional defiant or reading disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(9), 1148–1155.
Knobel, M., Wolman, M. B., & Mason, E. (1959). Hyperkinesis and organicity in children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1(310–321).
Kolko, D. J., Bukstein, O. G., & Barron, J. (1999). Methylphenidate and behavior modification in children with ADHD and comorbid ODD or CD: Main and incremental effects across settings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(5), 578–586.
Kooij, J. J. S., Buitelaar, J. K., Van Den Oord, E. J., Furer, J. W., Rijnders, C. A. T., & Hodiamont, P. P. G. (2005). Internal and external validity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a population-based sample of adults. Psychological Medicine, 35(6), 817–827.
Kuntsi, J., Oosterlaan, J., & Stevenson, J. (2001). Psychological mechanisms in hyperactivity: I. Response inhibition deficit, working memory impairment, delay aversion, or something else? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 199–210.
Kupfer, D. J., Baltimore, R. S., Berry, D. A., Breslau, N., Ellinwood, E. H., Ferre, J., et al. (2000). National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(2), 182–193.
Lahey, B., McBurnett, K., & Loeber, R. (2000). Are attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder developmental precursors to conduct disorder? In A. Sameroff, M. Lewis, & S. M. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 431–446). New York: Kluwer Academic Plenum.
Lahey, B., Miller, T. L., Gordon, R. A., & Riley, A. W. (1999). Developmental epidemiology of the disruptive behavior disorders. In H. C. Quay & A. E. Hogan (Eds.), Handbook of disruptive behavior disorders (pp. 22–48). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
Lahey, B. B., Applegate, B., McBurnett, K., Biederman, J., Greenhill, L., Hynd, G. W., et al. (1994). DSM-IV field trials for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(11), 1673– 1685.
Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Loney, J., Lee, S. S., & Willcutt, E. (2005). Instability of the DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD from preschool through elementary school. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(8), 896–902.
Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Schaughency, E. A., Atkins, M. S., Murphy, H. A., Hynd, G., et al. (1988). Dimensions and types of attention deficit disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(3), 330–335.
Lahey, B. B., & Willcutt, E. (2002). Validity of the diagnosis and dimensions of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In P. S. Jensen & J. R. Cooper (Eds.), Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: State of the science (pp. 1–23). New York: Civic Research Institute.
Lambert, N. M., Sandoval, J., & Sassone, D. (1978). Prevalence of hyperactivity in elementary school children as a function of social system definers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 48, 446–463.
Landau, Y. E., Auerbach, J. G., Gross-Tsur, V., & Shalev, R. S. (2003). Speed of performance of children with developmental right hemisphere syndrome and with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Neurology, 18(4), 264–268.
Laufer, M., Denhoff, E., & Solomons, G. (1957a). Hyperkinetic impulse disorder in children’s behavior problems. Psychosomatic Medicine, 19, 38–49.
Laufer, M. W., Denhoff, E. H., & Solomons, G. T. (1957b). Hyperkinetic impulse disorder in children’s behavior problems. Psychosom Med, 19, 38–49.
Lavie, N., & Tsal, Y. (1994). Perceptual load as a major determinant of the locus of selection in visual attention. Perception and Psychophysics, 56, 183–197.
LeFever, G. B., Villers, M. S., Morrow, A. L., & Vaughn, E. S. (2002). Parental perceptions of adverse educational outcomes among children diagnosed and treated for ADHD: A call for improved school/provider collaboration. Psychology in the Schools, 39(1), 63–71.
Lesesne, C. A., Abramowitz, A., Perou, R., & Brann, E. (1999). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A public health research agenda, Center for Disease Control. Atlanta, Georgia, September 23–24. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/adpub.htm.
Levine, M. D., Busch, B., & Aufseeser, C. (1982). The dimension of inattention among children with school problems. Pediatrics, 70(3), 387–395.
Levy, F., Hay, D. A., Bennett, K. S., & McStephen, M. (2005). Gender differences in ADHD subtype comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(4), 368–376.
Levy, F., Hay, D. A., McLaughlin, M., Wood, C., & Waldman, I. (1997). ADHD: A category or a continuum? Genetic analysis of a large-scale twin study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 737–744.
Levy, F., Hay, D. A., McStephen, M., Wood, C., & Waldman, I. (1997). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A category or a continuum? Genetic analysis of a large-scale twin study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(6), 737–744.
Levy, F., & Swanson, J. M. (2001). Timing, space and ADHD: The dopamine theory revisited. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35(4), 504–511.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Shankman, S. A., Gau, J. M., & Klein, D. N. (2004). The prevalence and co-morbidity of subthreshold psychiatric conditions. Psychological Medicine, 34(4), 613–622.
Lijffijt, M., Kenemans, J. L., Verbaten, M. N., & van Engeland, H. (2005). A meta-analytic review of stopping performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Deficient inhibitory motor control? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(2), 216–222.
Lobar, S. L., & Phillips, S. (1995). Developmental conflicts for families dealing with the child who has attention deficit hyper- activity disorder. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 9(3), 115– 122.
Loeber, R., Burke, J. D., & Lahey, B. B. (2002). What are adolescent antecedents to antisocial personality disorder? Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 12(1), 24–36.
Loeber, R., Burke, J. D., Lahey, B. B., Winters, A., & Zera, M. (2000). Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: A review of the past 10 years, part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(12), 1468–1484.
Loeber, R., Green, S. M., Lahey, B., Christ, M. A., & Frick, P. J. (1992). Developmental sequences in the age of onset of disruptive child behaviors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 1, 21–41.
Logan, G. D., & Cowan, W. B. (1984). On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A theory of an act of control. Psychological Review, 91, 295–327.
Lorys-Vernon, A. R., Hynd, G. W., Lyytinen, H., & Hern, K. (1993). Etiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. In J. L. Matson (ed.), Handbook of hyperactivity in children (pp. 47–65). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Losier, B. J., McGrath, P. J., & Klein, R. M. (1996). Error patterns on the continuous performance test in non-medicated and medicated samples of children with and without ADHD: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37(8), 971–987.
Lovejoy, D. W., Ball, J. D., Keats, M., Stutts, M. L., Spain, E. H., Janda, L., et al. (1999). Neuropsychological performance of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Diagnostic classification estimates for measures of frontal lobe/executive functioning. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5(3), 222–233.
Luk, S. L. (1985). Direct observation studies of hyperactive behaviors. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24(3), 338–344.
Mahone, E. M., Pillion, J. P., Hoffman, J., Hiemenz, J. R., & Denckla, M. B. (2005). Construct validity of the auditory continuous performance test for preschoolers. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27(1), 11–33.
Makris, N., Biederman, J., Valera, E. M., Bush, G., Kaiser, J., Kennedy, D. N., Caviness V. S., Faraone S. V., Seidman L. J. (2006). Cortical thinning of the attention and executive function networks in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Cerebral Cortex. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bh1047.
Malone, M. A., & Swanson, J. M. (1993). Effects of methylphenidate on impulsive responding in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Neurology, 8(2), 157–163.
Manly, T., Anderson, V., Nimmo-Smith, I., Turner, A., Watson, P., & Robertson, I. H. (2001). The differential assessment of children’s attention: The Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch), normative sample and ADHD performance. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(8), 1065–1081.
Mannuzza, S., & Klein, R. G. (2000). Long-term prognosis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 9(3), 711--726.
Mannuzza, S., Klein, R. G., Bessler, A., Malloy, P., & LaPadula, M. (1998). Adult psychiatric status of hyperactive boys grown up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(4), 493–498.
Mannuzza, S., Klein, R. G., Klein, D. F., Bessler, A., & Shrout, P. (2002). Accuracy of adult recall of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(11), 1882–1888.
March, J. S., Swanson, J. M., Arnold, L. E., Hoza, B., Conners, C. K., Hinshaw, S. P., et al. (2000). Anxiety as a predictor and outcome variable in the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD (MTA). Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(6), 527–541.
Marcotte, A. C., & Stern, C. (1997). Qualitative analysis of graphomotor output in children with attentional disorders. Child Neuropsychology, 3(2), 147–153.
Marcotte, A. C., Thacher, P. V., Butters, M., Bortz, J., Acebo, C., & Carskadon, M. A. (1998). Parental report of sleep problems in children with attentional and learning disorders. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 19(3), 178–186.
Mariani, M., & Barkley, R. A. (1997). Neuropsychological and academic functioning in preschool children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Neuropsychology, 13, 111–129.
Marks, D. J., Berwid, O. G., Santra, A., Kera, E. C., Cyrulnik, S. E., & Halperin, J. M. (2005). Neuropsychological correlates of ADHD symptoms in preschoolers. Neuropsychology, 19(4), 446–455.
Marks, D. J., Himelstein, J., Newcorn, J. H., & Halperin, J. M. (1999). Identification of AD/HD subtypes using laboratory-based measures: A cluster analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27(2), 167–175.
Marsh, P. J., & Williams, L. M. (2004). An investigation of individual typologies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using cluster analysis of DSM-IV criteria. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(5), 1187–1195.
Marshall, R. M., Schafer, V. A., O’Donnell, L., Elliott, J., & Handwerk, M. L. (1999). Arithmetic disabilities and ADD subtypes: Implications for DSM-IV. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 32(3), 239–247.
Martin, N. C., Piek, J. P., & Hay, D. (2006). DCD and ADHD: A genetic study of their shared aetiology. Human Movement Science, 25(1), 110–124.
Martinussen, R., Hayden, J., Hogg-Johnson, S., & Tannock, R. (2005). A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(4), 377–384.
Martinussen, R., & Tannock, R. (2006). Working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid language learning disorders. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28(7), 1073–1094.
Mash, E. J., & Hunsley, J. (2005). Evidence-based assessment of child and adolescent disorders: Issues and challenges. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(3), 362–379.
Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., & Crowell, E. W. (2000). Learning disabilities and ADHD: Overlapping spectrum disorders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 33(5), 417–424.
McBurnett, K., Pfiffner, L. J., & Frick, P. J. (2001). Symptom properties as a function of ADHD type: An argument for continued study of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(3), 207–213.
McBurnett, K., Pfiffner, L. J., Willcutt, E., Tamm, L., Lerner, M., Ottolini, Y. L., et al. (1999). Experimental cross-validation of DSM-IV types of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(1), 17–24.
McGee, R., Williams, S., & Feehan, M. (1992). Attention deficit disorder and age of onset of problem behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20(5), 487–502.
McGough, J. J., Smalley, S. L., McCracken, J. T., Yang, M., Del’Homme, M., Lynn, D. E., et al. (2005). Psychiatric comorbidity in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Findings from multiplex families. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(9), 1621–1627.
McInnes, A., Humphries, T., Hogg-Johnson, S., & Tannock, R. (2003). Listening comprehension and working memory are impaired in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder irrespective of language impairment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(4), 427–443.
Mick, E., Spencer, T., Wozniak, J., & Biederman, J. (2005). Heterogeneity of irritability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subjects with and without mood disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 58(7), 576–582.
Milberger, S., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Murphy, J., & Tsuang, M. T. (1995). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid disorders—Issues of overlapping symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(12), 1793–1799.
Milich, R., Balentine, A. C., & Lynam, D. R. (2001). ADHD combined type and ADHD predominantly inattentive type are distinct and unrelated disorders. Clinical Psychology-Science and Practice, 8(4), 463–488.
Milich, R., Landau, S., Kilby, G., & Whitten, P. (1982). Preschool peer perceptions of the behavior of hyperactive and aggressive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10(4), 497–510.
Miller, K. J., & Castellanos, F. X. (1998). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Pediatric Reviews, 19(11), 373–384.
Miller-Johnson, S., Coie, J. D., Maumary-Gremaud, A., & Bierman, K. (2002). Peer rejection and aggression and early starter models of conduct disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(3), 217–230.
Miranda, A., Soriano, M., & Garcia, R. (2005). Reading comprehension and written composition problems of children with ADHD: Discussion of research and methodological considerations. In T. E. Scruggs & M. A. Mastropieri (Eds.), Applications of Research Methodology: Advances in Learning and Behavioral Disabilities, Volume 19 (pp. 237--256). Oxford, U.K.: Elsevier Science.
Mitsis, E. M., McKay, K. E., Schulz, K. P., Newcorn, J. H., & Halperin, J. M. (2000). Parent-teacher concordance for DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a clinic-referred sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(3), 308–313.
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “Frontal Lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49–100.
Mrug, S., Hoza, B., & Gerdes, A. C. (2001). Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Peer relationships and peer-oriented interventions. In D. W. Nangle & C. A. Erdley (Eds.), The role of friendship in psychological adjustment (pp. 51–77). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
MTA. (1999a). A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The MTA Cooperative Group. Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(12), 1073–1086.
MTA. (1999b). Moderators and mediators of treatment response for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The Multimodal Treatment Study of children with Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(12), 1088–1096.
Muglia, P., Jain, U., Macciardi, F., & Kennedy, J. L. (2000). Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the dopamine D4 receptor gene. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 96(3), 273–277.
Mulhern, S., Dworkin, P. H., & Bernstein, B. (1994). Do parental concerns predict a diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 15(5), 348–352.
Murphy, K. R., Barkley, R. A., & Bush, T. (2001). Executive functioning and olfactory identification in young adults with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology, 15(2), 211– 220.
Newborg, J., Stock, J. R., & Wnek, L. (1988). The manual for the Battell Developmental Inventory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Newcorn, J. H., Halperin, J. M., Jensen, P. S., Abikoff, H. B., Arnold, L. E., Cantwell, D. P., et al. (2001). Symptom profiles in children with ADHD: Effects of comorbidity and gender. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(2), 137–146.
Nichols, S. L., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2004). A review of the validity of laboratory cognitive tasks used to assess symptoms of ADHD. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 34(4), 297–315.
Nigg, J. T. (1999). The ADHD response-inhibition deficit as measured by the stop task: Replication with DSM-IV combined type, extension, and qualification. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27(5), 393–402.
Nigg, J. T. (2001). Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder? Psychological Bulletin, 127(5), 571–598.
Nigg, J. T. (2005a). Commentary - Attention, task difficulty, and ADHD. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 23, 513–516.
Nigg, J. T. (2005b). Neuropsychologic theory and findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The state of the field and salient challenges for the coming decade. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1424–1435.
Nigg, J. T., Blaskey, L. G., Stawicki, J. A., & Sachek, J. (2004). Evaluating the endophenotype model of ADHD neuropsychological deficit: Results for parents and siblings of children with ADHD combined and inattentive subtypes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(4), 614–625.
Nigg, J. T., & Hinshaw, S. P. (1998). Parent personality traits and psychopathology associated with antisocial behaviors in childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(2), 145–159.
Nigg, J. T., Hinshaw, S. P., Carte, E. T., & Treuting, J. J. (1998). Neuropsychological correlates of childhood attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: Explainable by comorbid disruptive behavior or reading problems? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(3), 468–480.
NIH. (1998). Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). NIH Consensus Statement, 16(2), 1–37.
Nolan, E. E., & Gadow, K. D. (1997). Children with ADHD and tic disorder and their classmates: Behavioral normalization with methylphenidate. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(5), 597–604.
Nolan, E. E., Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (2001). Teacher reports of DSM-IV ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms in schoolchildren. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(2), 241–249.
Nolan, E. E., Volpe, R. J., Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (1999). Developmental, gender, and comorbidity differences in clinically referred children with ADHD. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 7(1), 11–20.
Oades, R. D., DittmannBalcar, A., Schepker, R., Eggers, C., & Zerbin, D. (1996). Auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) and mismatch negativity (MMN) in healthy children and those with attention-deficit or Tourette/tic symptoms. Biological Psychology, 43(2), 163–185.
Oades, R. D., Sadile, A. G., Sagvolden, T., Viggiano, D., Zuddas, A., Devoto, P., et al. (2005). The control of responsiveness in ADHD by catecholamines: Evidence for dopaminergic, noradrenergic and interactive roles. Developmental Science, 8(2), 122–131.
O’Brien, L. M., Holbrook, C. R., Mervis, C. B., Klaus, C. J., Bruner, J. L., Raffield, T. J., et al. (2003). Sleep and neurobehavioral characteristics of 5- to 7-year-old children with parentally reported symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 111(3), 554–563.
Olson, S., & Brodfeld, P. (1991). Assessment of peer rejection and externalizing behavior problems in preschool boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 19, 493–503.
Oosterlaan, J., Logan, G. D., & Sergeant, J. A. (1998). Response inhibition in AD/HD, CD, comorbid AD/HD + CD, anxious, and control children: A meta-analysis of studies with the stop task. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(3), 411–425.
Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (1998). Response inhibition and response re-engagement in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, disruptive, anxious and normal children. Behavioral Brain Research, 94(1), 33–43.
Ossmann, J. M., & Mulligan, N. W. (2003). Inhibition and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. American Journal of Psychology, 116(1), 35–50.
Overtoom, C. C., Kenemans, J. L., Verbaten, M. N., Kemner, C., Van Der Molen, M. W., van Engeland, H., et al. (2002). Inhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A psychophysiological study of the stop task. Biological Psychiatry, 51(8), 668–676.
Palfrey, J. S., Levine, M. D., Walker, D. K., & Sullivan, M. (1985). The emergence of attention deficits in early childhood: A prospective study. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 6(6), 339–348.
Pavuluri, M. N., Luk, S. L., & McGee, R. (1999). Parent reported preschool attention deficit hyperactivity: Measurement and validity. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 8(2), 126–133.
Pediatrics, A. A. O. (2001). Clinical practice guideline: Treatment of the school-aged child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 108(4), 1033–1044.
Pelham, W., & Bender, M. (1982). Peer relationships in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In K. Gadow & I. Bailer (Eds.), Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities (Vol. 1). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Pelham, W. E., Jr., Fabiano, G. A., & Massetti, G. M. (2005). Evidence-based assessment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(3), 449–476.
Pelham, W. E., Jr., Gnagy, E. M., Greenslade, K. E., & Milich, R. (1992). Teacher ratings of DSM-III-R symptoms for the disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(2), 210–218.
Pelham, W. E., Jr., & Lang, A. R. (1999). Can your children drive you to drink? Stress and parenting in adults interacting with children with ADHD. Alcohol Research and Health, 23(4), 292–298.
Pelham, W. E., Jr., Lang, A. R., Atkeson, B., Murphy, D. A., Gnagy, E. M., Greiner, A. R., et al. (1998). Effects of deviant child behavior on parental alcohol consumption. Stress-induced drinking in parents of ADHD children. American Journal of Addiction, 7(2), 103–114.
Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37(1), 51–87.
Perugini, E. M., Harvey, E. A., Lovejoy, D. W., Sandstrom, K., & Webb, A. H. (2000). The predictive power of combined neuropsychological measures for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Child Neuropsychology, 6(2), 101–114.
Pfiffner, L. J., Calzada, E., & McBurnett, K. (2000). Interventions to enhance social competence. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 9(3), 689–709.
Pillow, D. R., Pelham, W. E., Jr., Hoza, B., Molina, B. S., & Stultz, C. H. (1998). Confirmatory factor analyses examining attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and other childhood disruptive behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26(4), 293–309.
Pliszka, S. R. (1998). Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with psychiatric disorder: An overview. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59 Suppl 7, 50–58.
Pliszka, S. R. (2000). Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 9(3), 525–540.
Pliszka, S. R., Liotti, M., & Woldorff, M. G. (1999). A behavior/ ERP study of inhibitory control in ADHD children. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 64–65.
Porrino, L. J., Rapoport, J. L., Behar, D., Sceery, W., Ismond, D. R., & Bunney, W. E., Jr. (1983). A naturalistic assessment of the motor activity of hyperactive boys. I. Comparison with normal controls. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40(6), 681–687.
Power, T. J., Costigan, T. E., Eiraldi, R. B., & Leff, S. S. (2004). Variations in anxiety and depression as a function of ADHD subtypes defined by DSM-IV: Do subtype differences exist or not? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32(1), 27–37.
Pressman, L. J., Loo, S. K., Carpenter, E. M., Asarnow, J. R., Lynn, D., McCracken, J. T., et al. (2006). Relationship of family environment and parental psychiatric diagnosis to impairment in ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(3), 346–354.
Purvis, K. L., & Tannock, R. (2000). Phonological processing, not inhibitory control, differentiates ADHD and reading disability. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(4), 485–494.
Quay, H. C. (1997). Inhibition and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25(1), 7–13.
Rapport, M. D., Scanlan, S. W., & Denney, C. B. (1999). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and scholastic achievement: A model of dual developmental pathways. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40(8), 1169–1183.
Rauch, S. L. (2005). Neuroimaging and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the 21st century: What to consider and how to proceed. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1261–1262.
Reid, R., DePaul, G. J., Power, T. J., Anastopoulos, A. D., Rogers-Adkinson, D., Noll, M. B., et al. (1998). Assessing culturally different students for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using behavior rating scales. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26(3), 187–198.
Riccio, C. A., Hynd, G. W., Cohen, M. J., Hall, J., & Molt, L. (1994). Comorbidity of Central Auditory Processing Disorder and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(6), 849–857.
Riccio, C. A., Reynolds, C. R., Lowe, P., & Moore, J. J. (2002). The continuous performance test: A window on the neural substrates for attention? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17(3), 235–272.
Rie, H. E., & Rie, E. D. (1980). Minimal brain dysfunction in children. New York: Wiley.
Robertson, H. A., Kutcher, S. P., & Lagace, D. C. (2003). No evidence of attentional deficits in stabilized bipolar youth relative to unipolar and control comparators. Bipolar Disorder, 5(5), 330–339.
Rogers, R. D., Andrews, T. C., Grasby, P. M., Brooks, D. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2000). Contrasting cortical and subcortical activations produced by attentional-set shifting and reversal learning in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(1), 142–162.
Rohde, L. A., Biederman, J., Zimmermann, H., Schmitz, M., Martins, S., & Tramontina, S. (2000). Exploring ADHD age-of-onset criterion in Brazilian adolescents. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 9(3), 212–218.
Rovet, J. F., & Hepworth, S. L. (2001). Dissociating attention deficits in children with ADHD and congenital hypothyroidism using multiple CPTs. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42(8), 1049–1056.
Rowland, A. S., Lesesne, C. A., & Abramowitz, A. J. (2002). The epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A public health view. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Review, 8(3), 162–170.
Ruff, M. E. (2005). Attention deficit disorder and stimulant use: An epidemic of modernity. Clinical Pediatrics (Phila), 44(7), 557–563.
Rutter, M. (1983). Concepts of brain dysfunction symdromes. In M. Rutter (ed.), Developmental neuropsychiatry (pp. 1–14). New York: Guilford.
Rutter, M., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2003). Using sex differences in psychopathology to study causal mechanisms: Unifying issues and research strategies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 1092–1115.
Sagvolden, T., Aase, H., Zeiner, P., & Berger, D. (1998). Altered reinforcement mechanisms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behavioral Brain Research, 94(1), 61–71.
Samuelsson, S., Lundberg, I., & Herkner, B. (2004). ADHD and reading disability in male adults: Is there a connection? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 37(2), 155–168.
Sanders, A. F. (1983). Towards a model of stress and performance. Acta Psychologica, (53), 61–97.
Sawyer, M. G., Whaites, L., Rey, J. M., Hazell, P. L., Graetz, B. W., & Baghurst, P. (2002). Health-related quality of life of children and adolescents with mental disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(5), 530–537.
Sayal, K., Goodman, R., & Ford, T. (2006). Barriers to the identification of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(7), 744–750.
Scahill, L., & Schwab-Stone, M. (2000). Epidemiology of ADHD in school-age children. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 9(3), 541–555.
Schachar, R., & Logan, G. (1990). Are hyperactive children deficient in attentional capacity? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18(5), 493–513.
Schachar, R., Mota, V. L., Logan, G. D., Tannock, R., & Klim, P. (2000). Confirmation of an inhibitory control deficit in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(3), 227–235.
Schachar, R., Rutter, M., & Smith, A. (1981). The characteristics of situationally and pervasively hyperactive children: Implications for syndrome definitions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 21, 293–311.
Schachar, R., Tannock, R., Marriott, M., & Logan, G. (1995). Deficient inhibitory control in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23(4), 411–437.
Schachar, R. J., Tannock, R., & Logan, G. (1993). Inhibitory Control, Impulsiveness, and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 13(8), 721–739.
Schatz, A. M., Ballantyne, A. O., & Trauner, D. A. (2001). Sensitivity and specificity of a computerized test of attention in the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Assessment, 8(4), 357–365.
Scheres, A., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2001). Response inhibition in children with DSM-IV subtypes of AD/HD and related disruptive disorders: The role of reward. Child Neuropsychology, 7(3), 172–189.
Schmidt, K. L., Stark, K. D., Carlson, C. L., & Anthony, B. J. (1998). Cognitive factors differentiating attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder with and without a comorbid mood disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(4), 673–679.
Schmitz, M., Denardin, D., Silva, T. L., Pianca, T., Roman, T., Hutz, M. H., Faraone, S. V., Rohde L. A. (2006). Association Between Alpha-2a-adrenergic Receptor Gene and ADHD Inattentive Type. Biological Psychiatry. 60(10):1028–1033.
Schoechlin, C., & Engel, R. R. (2005). Neuropsychological performance in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Meta-analysis of empirical data. Arch Clin Neuropsychol, 20(6), 727–744.
Sciutto, M. J., Nolfi, C. J., & Bluhm, C. (2004). Effects of child gender and symptom type on referrals for ADHD by elementary school teachers. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 12(4), 247–253.
Seidel, W. T., & Joschko, M. (1990). Evidence of difficulties in sustained attention in children with ADDH. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18(2), 217–229.
Seidman, L. J. (2006). Neuropsychological functioning in people with ADHD across the lifespan. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(4), 466–85.
Seidman, L. J., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Milberger, S., Norman, D., Seiverd, K., et al. (1995). Effects of family history and comorbidity on the neuropsychological performance of children with ADHD: Preliminary findings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(8), 1015–1024.
Seidman, L. J., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Wever, W., & Ouellette, C. (1997). Toward defining a neuropsychology of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: Performance of children and adolescents from a large clinically referred sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(1), 150–160.
Seidman, L. J., Doyle, A., Fried, R., Valera, E., Crum, K., & Matthews, L. (2004). Neuropsychological function in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 27(2), 261–282.
Seidman, L. J., Valera, E. M., & Makris, N. (2005). Structural brain imaging of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1263–1272.
Seidman, L. J., Van Manen, K. J., Turner, W. M., Gamser, D. M., Faraone, S. V., Goldstein, J. M., et al. (1998). The effects of increasing resource demand on vigilance performance in adults with schizophrenia or developmental attentional/learning disorders: A preliminary study. Schizophrenia Research, 34(1–2), 101–112.
Semrud-Clikeman, M., Biederman, J., Sprich-Buckminster, S., Lehman, B. K., Faraone, S. V., & Norman, D. (1992). Comorbidity between ADDH and learning disability: A review and report in a clinically referred sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(3), 439–448.
Sergeant, J. A. (2005). Modeling attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A critical appraisal of the cognitive-energetic model. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1248–1255.
Sergeant, J. A., Geurts, H., Huijbregts, S., Scheres, A., & Oosterlaan, J. (2003). The top and the bottom of ADHD: A neuropsychological perspective. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(7), 583–592.
Sergeant, J. A., Geurts, H., & Oosterlaan, J. (2002). How specific is a deficit of executive functioning for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Behavioral Brain Research, 130(1–2), 3–28.
Sergeant, J. A., Piek, J. P., & Oosterlaan, J. (2006). ADHD and DCD: A relationship in need of research. Human Movement Science, 25(1), 76–89.
Sergeant, J. A., & Scholten, C. A. (1985). On resource strategy limitations in hyperactivity: Cognitive impulsivity reconsidered. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26(1), 97–109.
Shaffer, D., Gould, M. S., Brasic, J., Ambrosini, P., Fisher, P., Bird, H., et al. (1983). A children’s global assessment scale (CGAS). Archives of General Psychiatry, 40(11), 1228–1231.
Shaywitz, B. A., & Shaywitz, S. E. (1991). Comorbidity: A critical issue in attention deficit disorder. Journal of Child Neurology, 6(Suppl), S13–22.
Shekim, W. O., Asarnow, R. F., Hess, E., Zaucha, K., & Wheeler, N. (1990). A clinical and demographic profile of a sample of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, residual state. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31(5), 416–425.
Shekim, W. O., Kashani, J., Beck, N., Cantwell, D. P., Martin, J., Rosenberg, J., et al. (1985). The prevalence of attention deficit disorders in a rural midwestern community sample of nine-year-old children. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24(6), 765–770.
Slomkowski, C., Klein, R. G., & Mannuzza, S. (1995). Is self-esteem an important outcome in hyperactive children? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23(3), 303–315.
Slusarek, M., Velling, S., Bunk, D., & Eggers, C. (2001). Motivational effects on inhibitory control in children with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(3), 355–363.
Solanto, M. V., Abikoff, H., Sonuga-Barke, E., Schachar, R., Logan, G. D., Wigal, T., et al. (2001). The ecological validity of delay aversion and response inhibition as measures of impulsivity in AD/HD: A supplement to the NIMH multimodal treatment study of AD/HD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(3), 215–228.
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2002). Psychological heterogeneity in AD/HD–a dual pathway model of behaviour and cognition. Behavioral Brain Research, 130(1–2), 29–36.
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2003). The dual pathway model of AD/HD: An elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(7), 593–604.
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2005a). Causal models of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: From common simple deficits to multiple developmental pathways. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1231–1238.
Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Dalen, L., & Remington, B. (2003). Do executive deficits and delay aversion make independent contributions to preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(11), 1335–1342.
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., & Castellanos, F. X. (2005). A common core dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A scientific red herring? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28(3), 443–444.
Spencer, T. J., Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Mick, E., Coffey, B., Geller, D., et al. (2001). Impact of tic disorders on ADHD outcome across the life cycle: Findings from a large group of adults with and without ADHD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(4), 611–617.
Spencer, T. J., Biederman, J., Wilens, T. E., & Faraone, S. V. (2002). Overview and neurobiology of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63(Supplement 12), 3–9.
Spira, E. G., & Fischel, J. E. (2005). The impact of preschool inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity on social and academic development: A review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(7), 755–773.
Stefanatos, G. A., & Wasserstein, J. (2001). Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder as a right hemisphere syndrome. Selective literature review and detailed neuropsychological case studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 931, 172– 195.
Stein, M. A., Weiss, R. E., & Refetoff, S. (1995). Neurocognitive characteristics of individuals with resistance to thyroid hormone: Comparisons with individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 16(6), 406–411.
Still, G. F. (1902). Some abnormal psychical conditions in children. Lancet, pp. 1008–1012, 1077–1082, 1163–1168.
Strauss, A. A., & Lehtinen, L. E. (1947). Psychopathology and education of the brain-injured child. New York: Grune & Stratton.
Swaab-Barneveld, H., de Sonneville, L., Cohen-Kettenis, P., Gielen, A., Buitelaar, J., & Van Engeland, H. (2000). Visual sustained attention in a child psychiatric population. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(5), 651–659.
Swanson, J., Castellanos, F. X., Murias, M., LaHoste, G., & Kennedy, J. (1998). Cognitive neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and hyperkinetic disorder. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 8(2), 263–271.
Szatmari, P., Offord, D. R., & Boyle, M. H. (1989a). Correlates, associated impairments and patterns of service utilization of children with attention deficit disorder: Findings from the Ontario Child Health Study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30(2), 205–217.
Szatmari, P., Offord, D. R., & Boyle, M. H. (1989b). Ontario Child Health Study: Prevalence of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30(2), 219–230.
Tannock, R. (1998). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Advances in cognitive, neurobiological, and genetic research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(1), 65–99.
Tannock, R., & Brown, T. E. (2000). Attention-deficit disorders with learning disorders in children and adolescents. In T. E. Brown (ed.), Attention deficit disorders and comorbidities and children, adolescents and adults (pp. 231–296). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Taylor, E. (1999). Developmental neuropsychopathology of attention deficit and impulsiveness. Developmental Psychopathology, 11(3), 607–628.
Taylor, E. A., Sandberg, S., Thorley, G., & Giles, S. (1991). The epidemiology of childhood hyperactivity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Taylor, M. J., Voros, J. G., Logan, W. J., & Malone, M. A. (1993). Changes in event-related potentials with stimulant medication in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychology, 36(3), 139–156.
Teeter, P. A. (1998). Interventions for ADHD: Treatment in developmental context. New York: Guilford Press.
Thurber, J. R., Heller, T. L., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2002). The social behaviors and peer expectation of girls with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and comparison girls. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(4), 443–452.
Timimi, S., & Taylor, E. (2004). ADHD is best understood as a cultural construct. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 8–9.
Tims, F. M., Dennis, M. L., Hamilton, N., B, J. B., Diamond, G., Funk, R., et al. (2002). Characteristics and problems of 600 adolescent cannabis abusers in outpatient treatment. Addiction, 97(Suppl 1), 46–57.
Treuting, J. J., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2001). Depression and self-esteem in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Associations with comorbid aggression and explanatory attributional mechanisms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(1), 23–39.
Tripp, G., & Alsop, B. (2001). Sensitivity to reward delay in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(5), 691–698.
Tripp, G., Luk, S. L., Schaughency, E. A., & Singh, R. (1999). DSM-IV and ICD-10: A comparison of the correlates of ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(2), 156–164.
Trites, R. L. (1979). Hyperactivity in children: Etiology, measurement, and treatment implications. Baltimore MD: University Park Press.
Vaidya, C. J., Bunge, S. A., Dudukovic, N. M., Zalecki, C. A., Elliott, G. R., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2005). Altered neural substrates of cognitive control in childhood ADHD: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(9), 1605–1613.
Van Der Meere, J. (1996). The role of attention. In S. Sandberg (ed.), Monographs on child and adolescent psychiatry: Hyperactivity disorders (pp. 109–145). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Van Der Oord, S., Prins, P. J., Oosterlaan, J., & Emmelkamp, P. M. (2006). The association between parenting stress, depressed mood and informant agreement in ADHD and ODD. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 1585–1595.
van Mourik, R., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005). The Stroop revisited: A meta-analysis of interference control in AD/HD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(2), 150–165.
Viggiano, D., Ruocco, L. A., Arcieri, S., & Sadile, A. G. (2004). Involvement of norepinephrine in the control of activity and attentive processes in animal models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neural Plasticity, 11(1–2), 133–149.
Voeller, K. K. (2004). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Child Neurology, 19(10), 798–814.
Voeller, K. K., & Heilman, K. M. (1988). Attention deficit disorder in children: A neglect syndrome? Neurology, 38(5), 806–808.
Volk, H. E., Neuman, R. J., & Todd, R. D. (2005). A systematic evaluation of ADHD and comorbid psychopathology in a population-based twin sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(8), 768–775.
Wagner, M. L., Walters, A. S., & Fisher, B. C. (2004). Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults with restless legs syndrome. Sleep, 27(8), 1499–1504.
Wakefield, J. C. (1992). The concept of mental disorder: On the boundary between biological facts and social values. American Psychologist, 47, 373–388.
Waldman, I. D., & Faraone, S. V. (2002). A meta-analysis of linkage and association between the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) and childhood ADHD. Behavior Genetics, 32(6), 487–487.
Waschbusch, D. A., & King, S. (2006). Should sex-specific norms be used to assess attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or oppositional defiant disorder? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 179–185.
Weiler, M. D., Bellinger, D., Marmor, J., Rancier, S., & Waber, D. (1999). Mother and teacher reports of ADHD symptoms: DSM-IV questionnaire data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(9), 1139–1147.
Weinberg, W. A., & Emslie, G. J. (1991). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: The differential diagnosis. Journal of Child Neurology, 6(Suppl), S23–S36.
Weis, R., & Totten, S. J. (2004). Ecological validity of the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test II in a school-based sample. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 22(1), 47–61.
Wender, P. H. (1998). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21(4), 761–+.
Wender, P. H., Wolf, L. E., & Wasserstein, J. (2001). Adults with ADHD. An overview. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 931, 1–16.
West, S. A., Strakowski, S. M., Sax, K. W., Minnery, K. L., McElroy, S. L., & Keck, P. E. (1995). The Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adolescent mania—potential diagnostic and treatment implications. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 31(2), 347–351.
Weyandt, L. L. (2005). Executive function in children, adolescents, and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Introduction to the special issue. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27(1), 1–10.
Whalen, C., & Henker, B. (1992). The social profile of Attention Deficit Hyperactvity Disorder: Five fundamental facets. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America, 1, 395– 430.
Whalen, C. K., & Henker, B. (1997). Stimulant pharmacotherapy for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders: An analysis of progress, problems, and prospects. In S. Fisher & R. Greenberg (Eds.), From placebo to panacea: Putting psychiatric drugs to the test (pp. 323–355). New York: Wiley.
Wilding, J. (2005). Is attention impaired in ADHD? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 23(4), 487–505.
Wilens, T. E. (2004). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the substance use disorders: The nature of the relationship, subtypes at risk, and treatment issues. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 27(2), 283–301.
Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., Brown, S., Monuteaux, M., Prince, J., & Spencer, T. J. (2002). Patterns of psychopathology and dysfunction in clinically referred preschoolers. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 23(1), S31–S36.
Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., Wozniak, J., Gunawardene, S., Wong, J., & Monuteaux, M. (2003). Can adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder be distinguished from those with comorbid bipolar disorder? Findings from a sample of clinically referred adults. Biological Psychiatry, 54(1), 1–8.
Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1336–1346.
Willcutt, E. G., & Pennington, B. F. (2000). Comorbidity of reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Differences by gender and subtype. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 33(2), 179–191.
Willcutt, E. G., Pennington, B. F., Boada, R., Ogline, J. S., Tunick, R. A., Chhabildas, N. A., et al. (2001). A comparison of the cognitive deficits in reading disability and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(1), 157–172.
Willcutt, E. G., Pennington, B. F., Chhabildas, N. A., Friedman, M. C., & Alexander, J. (1999). Psychiatric comorbidity associated with DSM-IV ADHD in a nonreferred sample of twins. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(11), 1355–1362.
Willcutt, E. G., Pennington, B. F., Olson, R. K., Chhabildas, N., & Hulslander, J. (2005). Neuropsychological analyses of comorbidity between reading disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: In search of the common deficit. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27(1), 35–78.
Willis, W. G., & Weiler, M. D. (2005). Neural substrates of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Electroencephalographic and magnetic resonance imaging evidence. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27(1), 135–182.
Wolraich, M. L., Hannah, J. N., Pinnock, T. Y., Baumgaertel, A., & Brown, J. (1996). Comparison of diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a county-wide sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(3), 319–324.
Wolraich, M. L., Lambert, E. W., Bickman, L., Simmons, T., Doffing, M. A., & Worley, K. A. (2004). Assessing the impact of parent and teacher agreement on diagnosing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 25(1), 41–47.
Wolraich, M. L., Wibbelsman, C. J., Brown, T. E., Evans, S. W., Gotlieb, E. M., Knight, J. R., et al. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among adolescents: A review of the diagnosis, treatment, and clinical implications. Pediatrics, 115(6), 1734–1746.
Woods, S. P., Lovejoy, D. W., & Ball, J. D. (2002). Neuropsychological characteristics of adults with ADHD: A comprehensive review of initial studies. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16(1), 12–34.
Wozniak, J., Spencer, T., Biederman, J., Kwon, A., Monuteaux, M., Rettew, J., et al. (2004). The clinical characteristics of unipolar vs. bipolar major depression in ADHD youth. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82 Suppl 1, S59–S69.
Zentall, S. S., & Ferkis, M. A. (1993). Mathematical Problem-Solving for Youth with ADHD, with and without Learning-Disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly 16(1), 6–18.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Stefanatos, G.A., Baron, I.S. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Neuropsychological Perspective Towards DSM-V. Neuropsychol Rev 17, 5–38 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-007-9020-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-007-9020-3