Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Understory plant diversity and biomass in hybrid poplar riparian buffer strips in pastures

  • Published:
New Forests Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Understory plant biomass, species richness and canopy openness were measured in six-year old hybrid poplar riparian buffer strips, in the understory of two unrelated clones (MxB-915311 and DxN-3570), planted along headwater streams at three pasture sites of southern Quebec. Canopy openness was an important factor affecting understory biomass in hybrid poplar buffers, with lower understory biomass observed on sites and under the clone with lower canopy openness. Although tree size was an important factor affecting canopy openness, relationships between total stem volume and canopy openness, for each clone, also support the hypothesis of a clonal effect on canopy openness. Understory biomass and canopy openness as low as 3.6 g m−2 and 7.6% in 1 m2 microplots were measured under clone MxB-915311 at the most productive site. This reduction of understory plant growth could compromise important buffer functions for water quality protection (runoff control, sediment trapping and surface soil stabilisation), particularly were concentrated runoff flow paths enter the buffer. On the other hand, tree buffers that maintain relatively low canopy openness could be interesting to promote native and wetland plant diversity. Significant positive relationships between canopy openness and introduced species richness (R 2 = 0.46, p < 0.001) and cover (R 2 = 0.51, p < 0.001) were obtained, while no significant relationship was observed between canopy openness and native (wetland) species richness and cover. These results suggest that planting riparian buffer strips of fast-growing trees can rapidly lead to the exclusion of shade-intolerant introduced species, typical colonisers of disturbed habitats such as riparian areas of pastures, while having no significant effect on native (wetland) diversity. Forest canopy created by the poplars was probably an important physical barrier controlling introduced plant richness and abundance in agricultural riparian corridors. A strong linear relationship (R 2 = 0.73) between mean total species richness and mean introduced species richness was also observed, supporting the hypothesis that the richest communities are the most invaded by introduced species, possibly because of higher canopy openness, as seen at the least productive site (low poplar growth). Finally, results of this study highlight the need for a better understanding of relationships between tree growth, canopy openness, understory biomass and plant diversity in narrow strips of planted trees. This would be useful in designing multifunctional riparian buffer systems in agricultural landscapes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Altieri MA, Nicholls CI, Fritz MA (2005) Manage insects on your farm: a guide to ecological strategies. Sustainable Agriculture Network, Beltsville

    Google Scholar 

  • Archaux F, Chevalier R, Berthelot A (2010) Towards practices favourable to plant diversity in hybrid poplar plantations. For Ecol Manag 259:2410–2417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aubin I, Messier C, Bouchard A (2008) Can plantations develop understory biological and physical attributes of naturally regenerated forests? Biol Conserv 141:2461–2476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barton DR, Taylor WD, Biette RM (1985) Dimensions of riparian buffer strips required to maintain trout habitat in southern Ontario streams. N Am J Fish Manag 5:364–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baxter CV, Fausch KD, Saunders WC (2005) Tangled webs: reciprocal flows of invertebrate prey link streams and riparian zones. Freshw Biol 50:201–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bendix J, Hupp CR (2000) Hydrological and geomorphological impacts on riparian plant communities. Hydrol Proc 14:2977–2990

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berthelot A, Augustin S, Godin J, Decocq G (2005) La biodiversité dans des peupleraies picardes, en France. Unasylva 56:18–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Beschta RL (1997) Riparian shade and stream temperature: an alternative perspective. Rangelands 19:25–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Boutin C, Jobin B, Bélanger L (2003) Importance of riparian habitats to flora conservation in farming landscapes of southern Québec, Canada. Agric Ecosyst Environ 94:73–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown JH, McDonald W (1995) Livestock grazing and conservation on Southwestern Rangelands. Conserv Biol 9:1644–1647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buhler DD, Netzer DA, Riemenschneider DE, Hartzler RG (1998) Weed management in short rotation poplar and herbaceous perennial crops grown for biofuel production. Biomass Bioenergy 14:385–394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cannell MGR (1999) Environmental impacts of forest monocultures: water use, acidification, wildlife conservation, and carbon storage. New For 17:239–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clavijo MdP, Nordenstahl M, Gundel PE, Jobbagy EG (2005) Poplar afforestation effects on grassland structure and composition in the flooding pampas. Rangel Ecol Manag 58:474–479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Décamps H, Pinay G, Naiman RJ, Petts GE, McClain ME, Hillbricht-Ilkowska A, Hanley TA, Holmes RM, Quinn J, Gilbert J, Tabacchi A-MP, Schiemer F, Tabacchi E, Zalewski M (2004) Riparian zone: where biogeochemistry meets biodiversity in management practice. Pol J Ecol 52:3–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Delong M, Brusven M (1994) Allochthonous input of organic matter from different riparian habitats of an agriculturally impacted stream. Environ Manag 18:59–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dosskey MG, Vidon P, Gurwick NP, Allan CJ, Duval TP, Lowrance R (2010) The role of riparian vegetation in protecting and improving chemical water quality in streams. JAWRA 46:261–277

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duchemin M, Hogue R (2009) Reduction in agricultural non-point source pollution in the first year following establishment of an integrated grass/tree filter strip system in southern Quebec (Canada). Agric Ecosyst Environ 131:85–97

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckenwalder JE (2001) Descriptions of clonal characteristics. In: Dickmann DI, Isenbrands JG, Eckenwalder JE, Richardson J (eds) Poplar culture in North America Part B, Chapter 13. NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, pp 331–382

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenner M (1978) A comparison of the abilities of colonizers and closed-turf species to establish from seed in artificial swards. J Ecol 66:953–963

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flinn KM, Marks PL (2007) Agricultural legacies in forest environments: tree communities, soil properties, and light availability. Ecol Appl 17:452–463

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forman RTT, Baudry J (1984) Hedgerows and hedgerow networks in landscape ecology. Environ Manag 8:495–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fortier J, Gagnon D, Truax B, Lambert F (2010a) Biomass and volume yield after 6 years in multiclonal hybrid poplar riparian buffer strips. Biomass Bioenergy 34:1028–1040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fortier J, Gagnon D, Truax B, Lambert F (2010b) Nutrient accumulation and carbon sequestration in 6 year-old hybrid poplars in multiclonal agricultural riparian buffer strips. Agric Ecosyst Environ 137:276–287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gauthier, B (1997) Politique de protection des rives, du littoral et des plaines inondables: notes explicatives sur la ligne naturelle des hautes eaux. Ministère de l’Environnement et de la Faune, Direction de la conservation et du patrimoine écologique, Québec (Qc)

  • Gouvernement du Québec (1981) Règlement sur les mauvaises herbes (c. A-2, r. 1), Loi sur les abus préjudiciables à l’agriculture (L.R.Q., c. A-2, a. 7) Québec (Qc)

  • Gregory SV, Swanson FJ, McKee WA, Cummins KW (1991) An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones. BioScience 41:540–551

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grime JP (1977) Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. Am Nat 111:1169–1194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hale SE (2003) The effect of thinning intensity on the below-canopy light environment in a Sitka spruce plantation. For Ecol Manag 179:341–349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hale SE, Edwards C, Mason WL, Price M, Peace A (2009) Relationships between canopy transmittance and stand parameters in Sitka spruce and Scots pine stands in Britain. Forestry 82:503–513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington CA (1999) Forests planted for ecosystem restoration or conservation. New For 17:175–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haycock NE, Pinay G (1993) Groundwater nitrate dynamics in grass and poplar vegetated riparian buffer strips during the winter. J Environ Qual 22:273–278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honnay O, Verheyen K, Hermy M (2002) Permeability of ancient forest edges for weedy plant species invasion. For Ecol Manag 161:109–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hood WG, Naiman RJ (2000) Vulnerability of riparian zones to invasion by exotic vascular plants. Plant Ecol 148:105–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humbert L, Gagnon D, Kneeshaw D, Messier C (2007) A shade tolerance index for common understory species of northeastern North America. Ecol Indic 7:195–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson ST, Hobbs RJ (2009) Ecological restoration in the light of ecological history. Science 325:567–569

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jobin B, Bélanger L, Boutin C, Maisonneuve C (2004) Conservation value of agricultural riparian strips in the Boyer River watershed, Québec (Canada). Agric Ecosyst Environ 103:413–423

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kane TA, Justin DB, George GG (2009) Rehabilitation of stream ecosystem functions through the reintroduction of coarse particulate organic matter. Rest Ecol 17:97–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman JB, Krueger WC (1984) Livestock impacts on riparian ecosystems and streamside management Implications. A review. J Range Manag 37:430–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kay J (1991) A nonequilibrium thermodynamic framework for discussing ecosystem integrity. Environ Manag 15:483–495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly J, Kovar J, Sokolowsky R, Moorman T (2007) Phosphorus uptake during four years by different vegetative cover types in a riparian buffer. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 78:239–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knight KW, Schultz RC, Mabry CM, Isenhart TM (2010) Ability of remnant riparian forests, with and without grass filters, to buffer concentrated surface runoff. JAWRA 46:311–322

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laquerbe M (1999) Communautés de sous-bois des peupleraies artificielles: relation entre phytomasse, richesse spécifique et perturbations. Ann For Sci 56:607–614

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laquerbe M (2000) Richesse spécifique et phytomasse des sous-bois de peupleraies cultivées en bordure de Garonne (Sud-Ouest de la France). Ann For Sci 57:767–776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Licht LA, Isebrands JG (2005) Linking phytoremediated pollutant removal to biomass economic opportunities. Biomass Bioenergy 28:203–218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowrance R, Todd R, Fail J Jr, Hendrickson O Jr, Leonard R, Asmussen L (1984) Riparian forests as nutrient filters in agricultural watersheds. BioScience 34:374–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowrance R, Altier LS, Newbold JD, Schnabel RR, Groffman PM, Denver JM, Correll DL, Gilliam JW, Robinson JL, Brinsfield RB, Staver KW, Lucas W, Todd AH (1997) Water quality functions of riparian forest buffers in Chesapeake Bay watersheds. Environ Manag 21:687–712

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lust N, Kongs T, Nachtergale L, De Keersmaeker L (2001) Spontaneous ingrowth of tree species in poplar plantations in Flanders. Ann For Sci 58:861–868

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons J, Thimble SW, Paine LK (2000) Grass versus trees: managing riparian areas to benefit streams of central North America. JAWRA 36:919–930

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma M, Tarmi S, Helenius J (2002) Revisiting the species-area relationship in a semi-natural habitat: floral richness in agricultural buffer zones in Finland. Agric Ecosyst Environ 89:137–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mankin KR, Ngandu DM, Barden CJ, Hutchinson SL, Geyer WA (2007) Grass-shrub riparian buffer removal of sediment, phosphorus, and nitrogen from simulated runoff. JAWRA 43:1108–1116

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MAPAQ (2009) Guide d’identification des mauvaises herbes. http://www.mapaq.gouv.qc.ca/Fr/Productions/Protectiondescultures/mauvaisesherbes/fichesmauvaiseherbes/

  • Marie-Victorin F, Rouleau E, Brouillet L, Hay SG, Goulet I (2002) Flore laurentienne, 3rd edn. Gaëtan Morin éditeur ltée, Montréal

    Google Scholar 

  • Marquez C, Cambardella C, Isenhart T, Schultz R (1999) Assessing soil quality in a riparian buffer by testing organic matter fractions in central Iowa, USA. Agrofor Syst 44:133–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin PH, Canham CD, Marks PL (2009) Why forests appear resistant to exotic plant invasions: intentional introductions, stand dynamics, and the role of shade tolerance. Frontiers Ecol Environ 7:142–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClain CD, Holl KD, Wood DM (In press) Successional models as guides for restoration of riparian forest understory. Rest Ecol doi:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2009.00616.x

  • Mitchell JE, Popovich SJ (1997) Effectiveness of basal area for estimating canopy cover of ponderosa pine. For Ecol Manag 95:45–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Loughlin C (1995) The sustainability paradox—an examination of the plantation effect—a review of the environmental effects of plantation forestry in New Zealand. NZ For 39:3–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne LL, Kovacic DA (1993) Riparian vegetated buffer strips in water-quality restoration and stream management. Freshw Biol 29:243–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paine LK, Ribic CA (2002) Comparison of riparian plant communities under four land management systems in southwestern Wisconsin. Agric Ecosyst Environ 92:93–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paquette A, Messier C (2010) The role of plantations in managing the world’s forests in the Anthropocene. Frontiers Ecol Environ 8:27–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paquette A, Messier C, Périnet P, Cogliastro A (2008) Simulating light availability under different hybrid poplar clones in a mixed intensive plantation system. For Sci 54:481–489

    Google Scholar 

  • Parendes LA, Jones JA (2000) Role of light availability and dispersal in exotic plant invasion along roads and streams in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon. Conserv Biol 14:64–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parrotta JA, Turnbull JW, Jones N (1997) Catalyzing native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands. For Ecol Manag 99:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Périnet P, Gagnon H, Morin S (2001) Liste des clones recommandés de peuplier hybride par sous-région écologique au Québec (révision février 2001). Direction de la recherche forestière, MRN, Québec

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen RG (1985) Design and analysis of experiments. Marcel-Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Pimentel D, McNair S, Janecka J, Wightman J, Simmonds C, O’Connell C, Wong E, Russel L, Zern J, Aquino T, Tsomondo T (2001) Economic and environmental threats of alien plant, animal, and microbe invasions. Agric Ecosyst Environ 84:1–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Planty-Tabacchi A-M, Tabacchi E, Naiman RJ, Deferrari C, Décamps H (1996) Invasibility of species-rich communities in riparian zones. Conserv Biol 10:598–607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollock MM, Naiman RJ, Hanley TA (1998) Plant species richness in riparian wetland: a test of biodiversity theory. Ecol 79:94–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Potton C (1994) Public perception of plantation forestry. NZ For 39:2–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Pysek P, Prach K (1993) Plant invasions and the role of riparian habitats: a comparison of four species alien to central Europe. J Biogeography 20:413–420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn JM, Cooper AB, Stroud MJ, Burrell GP (1997) Shade effects on stream periphyton and invertebrates: an experiment in streamside channels. NZ J Marine Freshw Res 31:665–683

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson DM, Holmes PM, Esler KJ, Galatowitsch SM, Stromberg JC, Kirkman SP, Pyek P, Hobbs RJ (2007) Riparian vegetation: degradation, alien plant invasions, and restoration prospects. Divers Distrib 13:126–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rockwood DL, Naidu CV, Carter DR, Rahmani M, Spriggs TA, Lin C, Alker GR, Isebrands JG, Segrest SA (2004) Short-rotation woody crops and phytoremediation: opportunities for agroforestry? Agrofor Syst 61–62:51–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosoman G (1994) The plantation effect—an ecoforestry review of the environmental effects of exotic monoculture tree plantations in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Greenpeace New Zealand, Auckland

    Google Scholar 

  • Schimel JP, Cates RG, Ruess R (1998) The role of balsam poplar secondary chemicals in controlling soil nutrient dynamics through succession in the Alaskan Taiga. Biogeochemistry 42:221–234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlosser IJ, Karr JR (1981) Water quality in agricultural watersheds: impact of riparian vegetation during base flow. Water Res Bull 17:233–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoonover J, Williard K, Zaczek J, Mangun J, Carver A (2006) Agricultural sediment reduction by giant cane and forest riparian buffers. Water Air Soil Poll 169:303–315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz RC, Isenhart TM, Simpkins WW, Colletti JP (2004) Riparian forest buffers in agroecosystems–lessons learned from the Bear Creek Watershed, central Iowa, USA. Agrofor Syst 61–62:35–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schweitzer J, Madritch M, Bailey J, LeRoy C, Fischer D, Rehill B, Lindroth R, Hagerman A, Wooley S, Hart S, Whitham T (2008) From genes to ecosystems: the genetic basis of condensed tannins and their role in nutrient regulation in a Populus model system. Ecosystems 11:1005–1020

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson EH (1949) Measurement of diversity. Nature 163:688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanturf JA, van Oosten C, Coleman MD, Portwood CJ (2001) Ecology and silviculture of poplar plantations. In: Dickmann DI, Isebrands JG, Eckenwalder JE, Richardson J (eds) Poplar culture in North America. NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, pp 153–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephens SS, Wagner MR (2007) Forest plantations and biodiversity: a fresh perspective. J For 105:307–313

    Google Scholar 

  • Stohlgren T, Bull K, Otsuki Y, Villa C, Lee M (1998) Riparian zones as havens for exotic plant species in the central grasslands. Plant Ecol 138:113–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tufekcioglu A, Raich J, Isenhart T, Schultz R (1999) Fine root dynamics, coarse root biomass, root distribution, and soil respiration in a multispecies riparian buffer in Central Iowa, USA. Agrofor Syst 44:163–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tufekcioglu A, Raich JW, Isenhart TM, Schultz RC (2003) Biomass, carbon and nitrogen dynamics of multi-species riparian buffers within an agricultural watershed in Iowa, USA. Agrofor Syst 57:187–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vellend M, Verheyen K, Flinn KM, Jacquemyn H, Kolb A, Calster HV, Peterken G, Graae BJ, Bellemare J, Honnay O, Brunet J, Wulf M, Gerhardt F, Hermy M (2007) Homogenization of forest plant communities and weakening of species-environment relationships via agricultural land use. J Ecol 95:565–573

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vidon P, Allan C, Burns D, Duval TP, Gurwick N, Inamdar S, Lowrance R, Okay J, Scott D, Sebestyen S (2010) Hot spots and hot moments in riparian zones: potential for improved water quality management. JAWRA 46:278–298

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace JB, Eggert SL, Meyer JL, Webster JR (1997) Multiple trophic levels of a forest stream linked to terrestrial litter inputs. Science 277:102–104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warren J, Topping C, James P (2009) A unifying evolutionary theory for the biomass–diversity–fertility relationship. Theor Ecol 2:119–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weih M, Karacic A, Munkert H, Verwijst T, Diekmann M (2003) Influence of young poplar stands on floristic diversity in agricultural landscapes (Sweden). Bas Appl Ecol 4:149–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wesley DE, Perkins CJ, Sullivan AD (1981) Wildlife in cottonwood plantations. South J Appl Ecol 5:37–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Yirdaw E (2001) Diversity of naturally-regenerated native woody species in forest plantations in the Ethiopian highlands. New For 22:159–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoccoz NG (1991) Use, overuse, and misuse of significance tests in evolutionary biology and ecology. Bull Ecol Soc Am 72:106–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaimes GN, Schultz RC, Isenhart TM (2004) Stream bank erosion adjacent to riparian forest buffers, row-crop fields, and continuously-grazed pastures along Bear Creek in central Iowa. J Soil Water Conserv 59:19–27

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge funding and planting stock received from the Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune du Québec, and funding from the Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l’Alimentation du Québec, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, and the Conférence régionale des élus de l’Estrie. We are very grateful to the landowners (M. Beauregard, A. Doyon, J. Lamontagne) who allowed the planting of the buffers on their farms. We would also like to thank C. Bélisle, M. Bélisle, P.-O. Émond, G. Fleury, E. Flores, M.-C. Giroux and L. Godbout who assisted with field work. Thanks are also due to C. Vasseur of the Biodôme de Montréal for facilitating soil analyses, as well as to S. Hay of the Marie-Victorin Herbarium (Université de Montréal) for verifying our plant specimen identifications, and identifying many sedges and grasses. We also acknowledge two anonymous reviewers whose constructive comments helped improve this paper. J. Fortier wishes to thank the Fiducie de recherche sur la forêt des Cantons-de-l’Est for the scholarship awarded.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre d’étude de la forêt (CEF), département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada

    Julien Fortier & Daniel Gagnon

  2. Fiducie de recherche sur la forêt des Cantons-de-l’Est, 1 rue Principale, St-Benoît-du-Lac, QC, J0B 2M0, Canada

    Daniel Gagnon, Benoit Truax & France Lambert

Authors
  1. Julien Fortier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Daniel Gagnon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Benoit Truax
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. France Lambert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Julien Fortier.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fortier, J., Gagnon, D., Truax, B. et al. Understory plant diversity and biomass in hybrid poplar riparian buffer strips in pastures. New Forests 42, 241–265 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-011-9250-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-011-9250-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation