Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The serial interaction of stress and syncope

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Natural Language & Linguistic Theory Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Many languages respect the generalization that some or all unstressed vowels are deleted. This generalization proves elusive in classic Optimality Theory, however. The source of the problem is classic OT’s parallel evaluation, which requires that the effects of stress assignment and syncope be optimized together. This article argues for a version of OT called Harmonic Serialism, in which the effects of stress assignment and syncope can and must be evaluated sequentially. The results are potentially applicable to other domains where process interaction is best understood in derivational terms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Al-Mozainy, Hamza Qublan. 1981. Vowel alternations in a Bedouin Hijazi Arabic dialect: abstractness and stress. PhD dissertation, University of Texas, Austin.

  • Al-Mozainy, Hamza Qublan, Robert Bley-Vroman, and John J. McCarthy. 1985. Stress shift and metrical structure. Linguistic Inquiry 16: 135–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderete, John. 2001. Morphologically governed accent in Optimality Theory. New York: Routledge. Rutgers Optimality Archive 309. http://roa.rutgers.edu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, W. Sidney. 1973. Accent and rhythm. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, Stephen R. 1974. The organization of phonology. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, Stephen R. 1992. A-morphous morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archangeli, Diana, and Douglas Pulleyblank. 1994. Grounded phonology. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asangkay Sejekam, Nexar. 2006. Awajún. In Ilustraciones fonéticas de lenguas Amerindias, ed. Stephen A. Marlett, Lima: SIL International and Universidad Ricardo Palma. http://lengamer.org/publicaciones/trabajos/awajun_afi.pdf. Accessed 16 June 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baković, Eric. 2007. Hiatus resolution and incomplete identity. In Optimality-theoretic studies in Spanish phonology, eds. Sonia Colina and Fernando Martínez-Gil, 62–73. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Rutgers Optimality Archive 813. http://roa.rutgers.edu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckman, Jill. 1997. Positional faithfulness, positional neutralization, and Shona vowel harmony. Phonology 14: 1–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckman, Jill. 1998. Positional faithfulness. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Rutgers Optimality Archive 234. http://roa.rutgers.edu.

  • Bennett [Archangeli], Diana. 1981. Pitch accent in Japanese: a metrical analysis. MA thesis, University of Texas, Austin.

  • Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo. 2001. Underlying nonmoraic coda consonants, faithfulness, and sympathy. Ms, University of Manchester. http://www.bermudez-otero.com/DEP-mora.pdf. Accessed 16 June 2008.

  • Bethin, Christina. 1998. Slavic prosody: language change and phonological theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bíró, Tamás. 2006. Finding the right words: implementing Optimality Theory with simulated annealing. PhD dissertation, University of Groningen. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/298098970. Accessed 16 June 2008.

  • Black, H. Andrew, 1993. Constraint-ranked derivation: a serial approach to optimization. PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz. http://www.sil.org/silepubs/Pubs/47751/47751_Black%20A_Constraint%20ranked%20derivation.pdf. Accessed 16 June 2008.

  • Blevins, Juliette. 1995. The syllable in phonological theory. In The handbook of phonological theory, ed. John Goldsmith, 206–244. Cambridge: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bliese, Loren F. 1981. A generative grammar of Afar. Arlington, Dallas: SIL International and The University of Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumenfeld, Lev. 2006. Constraints on phonological interactions. PhD dissertation, Stanford University. Rutgers Optimality Archive 877. http://roa.rutgers.edu.

  • Booij, Geert. 1977. Dutch morphology: a study of word formation in generative grammar. Dordrecht: Foris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borgstrøm, Carl H. 1949. Thoughts about Indo-European vowel gradation. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 15: 137–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campos-Astorkiza, Rebeka. 2004. Faith in moras: a revised approach to prosodic faithfulness. In Proceedings of the North East Linguistics Society 34, eds. Keir Moulton and Mathew Wolf, 163–174. Amherst: GLSA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casali, Roderic F. 1996. Resolving hiatus. PhD dissertation, UCLA. Rutgers Optimality Archive 215. http://roa.rutgers.edu.

  • Casali, Roderic F. 1997. Vowel elision in hiatus contexts: which vowel goes? Language 73: 493–533.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, Noam, and Morris Halle. 1968. The sound pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchward, C. Maxwell. 1953. Tongan grammar. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchyard, Henry. 1999. Topics in Tiberian Biblical Hebrew metrical phonology and prosodics. PhD dissertation, University of Texas, Austin. http://www.crossmyt.com/hc/linghebr/index.html. Accessed 16 June 2008.

  • Clements, G.N. 1986. Syllabification and epenthesis in the Barra dialect of Gaelic. In The phonological representation of suprasegmentals, eds. Koen Bogers, Harry van der Hulst, and Martin Mous, 317–336. Dordrecht: Foris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosswhite, Katherine. 1999. Vowel reduction in Optimality Theory. PhD dissertation, UCLA.

  • de Lacy, Paul. 2002. The formal expression of markedness. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Rutgers Optimality Archive 542. http://roa.rutgers.edu.

  • de Lacy, Paul. 2006. Markedness: reduction and preservation in phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derbyshire, Desmond. 1985. Hixkaryana and linguistic typology. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, R.M.W. 1988. A grammar of Boumaa Fijian. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elfner, Emily. 2006. Contrastive syllabification in Blackfoot. In Proceedings of the 25th west coast conference on formal linguistics, eds. Donald Baumer, David Montero, and Michael Scanlon, 141–149. Somerville: Cascadilla Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, Harry. 1978. Some notes on Tongan phonology. Oceanic Linguistics 17: 133–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gafos, Adamantios. 1998. Eliminating long-distance consonantal spreading. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 16: 223–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith, John. 1976. An overview of autosegmental phonology. Linguistic Analysis 2: 23–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith, John. 1990. Autosegmental and metrical phonology. Cambridge: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith, John. 1993. Harmonic phonology. In The last phonological rule: reflections on constraints and derivations, ed. John Goldsmith, 21–60. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gouskova, Maria. 2002. Economy of representation and syncope. Handout of talk given at the MIT Phonology Circle, Cambridge, October 17.

  • Gouskova, Maria. 2003. Deriving economy: syncope in Optimality Theory. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Rutgers Optimality Archive 610. http://roa.rutgers.edu.

  • Gouskova, Maria. 2007. The reduplicative template in Tonkawa. Phonology 24: 367–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenstein, Edward L. 1984. The phonology of Akkadian syllable structure. Afroasiatic Linguistics 9: 1–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, Mary. 1977. Tonal accent in Creek. In Studies in stress and accent, ed. Larry M. Hyman, 195–208. Los Angeles: University of Southern California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hale, Kenneth. 1973. Deep-surface canonical disparities in relation to analysis and change: an Australian example. In Current trends in linguistics, ed. Thomas Sebeok, 401–458. The Hague: Mouton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halle, Morris, and Jean-Roger Vergnaud. 1987. An essay on stress. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, W. Neil. 1950. Patterns of vowel loss in Macushi (Carib). International Journal of American Linguistics 16: 87–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, Bruce. 1982. Extrametricality and English stress. Linguistic Inquiry 13: 227–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, Bruce. 1987. A revised parametric metrical theory. In Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society 17, eds. Joyce McDonough and Bernadette Plunkett, 274–289. Amherst: GLSA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, Bruce. 1989. Compensatory lengthening in moraic phonology. Linguistic Inquiry 20: 253–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, Bruce. 1995. Metrical stress theory: principles and case studies. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hockett, Charles. 1948. Potawatomi I: phonemics, morphophonemics, and morphological survey. International Journal of American Linguistics 14: 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoijer, Harry. 1933. Tonkawa. An Indian language of Texas. In Handbook of American Indian languages: Part 3, eds. Franz Boas and Harry Hoijer, 1–148. New York: J.J. Augustin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoijer, Harry. 1946. Tonkawa. In Linguistic structures of Native America, ed. H. Hoijer, 289–311. New York: Viking Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, Irwin. 1972. A directional theory of rule application in phonology. PhD dissertation, MIT.

  • Hutchinson, Sandra. 1974. Spanish vowel sandhi. In Papers from the Parasession on Natural Phonology, eds. Anthony Bruck, Robert Fox, and Michael La Galy, 184–327. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irshied, Omar, and Michael Kenstowicz. 1984. Some phonological rules of Bani-Hassan Arabic, a Bedouin dialect. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 14: 109–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito, Junko. 1990. Prosodic minimality in Japanese. In Papers from the twenty-fifth regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society, part II: parasession on the syllable in phonetics and phonology (CLS 26), eds. Karen Deaton, Manuela Noske, and Michael Ziolkowski, 213–239. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. 1992/2003. Weak layering and word binarity. In A new century of phonology and phonological theory: a festschrift for Professor Shosuke Haraguchi on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday, eds. Takeru Honma, Masao Okazaki, Toshiyuki Tabata, and Shin-ichi Tanaka, 26–65. Tokyo: Kaitakusha. (Revision of UC Santa Cruz Linguistics Research Center report published in 1992.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. 2003. Lexical and postlexical phonology in Optimality Theory: evidence from Japanese. Linguistische Berichte 11: 183–207. http://people.ucsc.edu/~mester/papers/2003_ito_mester_lexpostlex.pdf. Accessed 16 June 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito, Junko, Yoshihisa Kitagawa, and Armin Mester. 1996. Prosodic faithfulness and correspondence: evidence from a Japanese argot. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 5: 217–294. Rutgers Optimality Archive 146. http://roa.rutgers.edu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, C. Douglas. 1972. Formal aspects of phonological description. The Hague: Mouton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kager, René 1989. A metrical theory of stress and destressing in English and Dutch. Dordrecht: Foris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kager, René. 1993. Alternatives to the iambic-trochaic law. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 11: 381–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kager, René. 1997. Rhythmic vowel deletion in Optimality Theory. In Derivations and constraints in phonology, ed. Iggy Roca, 463–499. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kager, René. 1999. Optimality Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kager, René. 2001. Rhythmic directionality by positional licensing. Paper presented at the fifth Holland Institute of Generative Linguistics phonology conference (HILP 5), University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany, January 11–13. Rutgers Optimality Archive 514. http://roa.rutgers.edu.

  • Kenstowicz, Michael. 1983. Parametric variation and accent in the Arabic dialects. In Papers from the nineteenth regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society (CLS 19), eds. Amy Chukerman, Mitchell Marks, and John F. Richardson, 205–213. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenstowicz, Michael. 1996. Quality-sensitive stress. Rivista di Linguistica 9: 157–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenstowicz, Michael, and Kamal Abdul-Karim. 1980. Cyclic stress in Levantine Arabic. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 10(2): 55–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenstowicz, Michael, and Charles Kisseberth. 1977. Topics in phonological theory. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiparsky, Paul. 2000. Opacity and cyclicity. The Linguistic Review 17: 351–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kisseberth, Charles. 1970a. On the functional unity of phonological rules. Linguistic Inquiry 1: 291–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kisseberth, Charles. 1970b. Vowel elision in Tonkawa and derivational constraints. In Studies presented to Robert B. Lees by his students, eds. Jerrold M. Sadock and Anthony L. Vanek, 109–137. Edmonton-Champaign: Linguistic Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuroda, S.-Y. 1967. Yawelmani phonology. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lightner, Theodor. 1972. Problems in the theory of phonology, volume 1: Russian phonology and Turkish phonology. Edmonton-Champaign: Linguistic Research, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lombardi, Linda. 1995/2001. Why place and voice are different: constraint-specific alternations in Optimality Theory. In Segmental phonology in Optimality Theory: constraints and representations, ed. Linda Lombardi, 13–45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (First circulated in 1995.) Rutgers Optimality Archive 105. http://roa.rutgers.edu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malone, Joseph. 1972. The Mandaic syllable-adjustment circuit and its historical origins. In Papers from the eighth regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, eds. Paul Peranteau, Judith Levi, and Gloria Phares, 473–481. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malone, Joseph. 1992. Diachronic-synchronic dystony: a case from Classical Mandaic. General Linguistics 32: 36–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malone, Joseph. 1997. Modern and Classical Mandaic phonology. In Phonologies of Asia and Africa, ed. Alan S. Kaye, 141–160. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, John J. 1979a. Formal problems in Semitic phonology and morphology. PhD dissertation, MIT.

  • McCarthy, John J. 1979b. On stress and syllabification. Linguistic Inquiry 10: 443–466.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, John J. 1981. Stress, pretonic strengthening, and syllabification in Tiberian Hebrew. In MIT working papers in linguistics 3: theoretical issues in Semitic languages, eds. Hagit Borer and Joseph Aoun, 73–100. Cambridge: Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, MIT.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, John J. 1993. A case of surface constraint violation. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 38: 169–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, John J. 2000. Harmonic serialism and parallelism. In Proceedings of the North East Linguistics Society 30, eds. Masako Hirotani, Andries Coetzee, and Nancy Hall, 501–524. Amherst: GLSA. Rutgers Optimality Archive 357. http://roa.rutgers.edu.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, John. 2002. A thematic guide to Optimality Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, John J. 2003a. OT constraints are categorical. Phonology 20: 75–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, John J. 2003b. Sympathy, cumulativity, and the Duke-of-York gambit. In The syllable in Optimality Theory, eds. Caroline Féry and Ruben van de Vijver, 23–76. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, John J. 2007a. Hidden generalizations: phonological opacity in Optimality Theory. London: Equinox Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, John J. 2007b. Restraint of analysis. In Freedom of analysis, eds. Sylvia Blaho, Patrik Bye, and Martin Krämer, 203–231. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, John J. 2008. The gradual path to cluster simplification. Phonology.

  • McCarthy, John J., and Alan Prince. 1986/1996. Prosodic morphology 1986. Technical Report #32. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science. (Ms privately circulated in 1986, issued in 1996 with new annotations and bibliography.) http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/pub/papers/pm86all.pdf. Accessed 16 June 2008.

  • McCarthy, John J., and Alan Prince. 1993a. Generalized alignment. In Yearbook of morphology, eds. Geert Booij and Jaap van Marle, 79–153. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Rutgers Optimality Archive 7. http://roa.rutgers.edu.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, John J., and Alan Prince. 1993b. Prosodic morphology: constraint interaction and satisfaction. Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science. Rutgers Optimality Archive 482. http://roa.rutgers.edu.

  • McCarthy, John J., and Alan Prince. 1994. The emergence of the unmarked: optimality in prosodic morphology. In Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society 24, ed. Merce Gonzàlez, 333–379. Amherst: GLSA. Rutgers Optimality Archive 13. http://roa.rutgers.edu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mester, Armin. 1994. The quantitative trochee in Latin. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 12: 1–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreton, Elliott. 2003. Non-computable functions in Optimality Theory. In Optimality Theory in phonology: a reader, ed. John McCarthy, 141–163. Malden: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nespor, Marina, and Irene Vogel. 1986. Prosodic phonology. Dordrecht: Foris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, Stanley. 1944. Yokuts language of California. New York: Viking Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton, Russell J. 2003. Derivational phonology and optimality phonology: formal comparison and synthesis. PhD dissertation, University of Essex. Rutgers Optimality Archive 613. http://roa.rutgers.edu.

  • Ohala, Manjari. 1977. The treatment of phonological variation: an example from Hindi. Lingua 42: 161–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paradis, Carole. 1988a. On constraints and repair strategies. The Linguistic Review 6: 71–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paradis, Carole. 1988b. Towards a theory of constraint violations. In McGill working papers in linguistics, vol 5. 1–43. Montreal: McGill University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paradis, Carole. 1997. Non-transparent constraint effects in Gere: from cycles to derivations. In Derivations and constraints in phonology, ed. Iggy Roca, 529–550. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paradis, Carole, and Fatimazora El Fenne. 1995. French verbal inflection revisited: constraints, repairs and floating consonants. Lingua 95: 169–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, David. 1990. Accent in Aguaruna. In Amazonian linguistics: studies in lowland South American languages, ed. Doris L. Payne, 161–184. Austin: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, David, Judith Payne, and Jorge Santos. 1982. Morfología, fonología, y fonética del Asheninca del Apurucayali (Campa—Arawak Preandino). Yarinacocha, Peru: SIL International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, Thomas, and Doris L. Payne. 2001. Panare grammar. Ms, University of Oregon. (Not seen.)

  • Piggott, Glyne. 1999. At the right edge of words. The Linguistic Review 16: 143–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pike, Kenneth L., and Mildred Larson. 1964. Hyperphonemes and non-systematic features of Aguaruna phonemics. In Studies in language and linguistics in honor of Charles C. Fries, ed. Albert Marckwardt, 55–67. Ann Arbor: English Language Institute, University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poser, William J. 1985. Cliticization to NP and lexical phonology. In The Proceedings of the West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics 4, eds. Jeffrey Goldberg, Susannah MacKaye, and Michael Wescoat, 262–272. Stanford: Stanford Linguistics Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poser, William J. 1990. Evidence for foot structure in Japanese. Language 66: 78–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prince, Alan. 1975. The phonology and morphology of Tiberian Hebrew. PhD dissertation, MIT.

  • Prince, Alan. 1983. Relating to the grid. Linguistic Inquiry 14: 19–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prince, Alan. 1990. Quantitative consequences of rhythmic organization. In Papers from the twenty-fifth regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society, part II: parasession on the syllable in phonetics and phonology (CLS 26), eds. Karen Deaton, Manuela Noske, and Michael Ziolkowski, 355–398. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prince, Alan. 2002. Arguing optimality. In University of Massachusetts occasional papers in linguistics 26: papers in Optimality Theory II, eds. Angela Carpenter, Andries Coetzee, and Paul de Lacy, 269–304. Amherst: GLSA. Rutgers Optimality Archive 562. http://roa.rutgers.edu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prince, Alan, and Paul Smolensky. 1993/2004. Optimality Theory: constraint interaction in generative grammar. Malden: Blackwell. (Revision of 1993 technical report, Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science.) Rutgers Optimality Archive 537. http://roa.rutgers.edu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruitt, Kathryn. 2008. Locality in stress systems. Ms, University of Massachusetts Amherst.

  • Pyle, Charles. 1972. On eliminating BMs. In Papers from the eighth regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society (CLS 8), eds. Paul Peranteau, Judith Levi, and Gloria Phares, 516–532. Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubach, Jerzy. 1997. Extrasyllabic consonants in Polish: derivational Optimality Theory. In Derivations and constraints in phonology, ed. Iggy Roca, 551–582. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selkirk, Elisabeth. 1980. Prosodic domains in phonology: Sanskrit revisited. In Juncture, eds. Mark Aronoff and Mary-Louise Kean, 107–129. Saratoga: Anma Libri.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selkirk, Elisabeth. 1984. Phonology and syntax: the relation between sound and structure. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selkirk, Elisabeth. 1995. The prosodic structure of function words. In University of Massachusetts occasional papers in linguistics 18: papers in Optimality Theory, eds. Jill Beckman, Laura W. Dickey, and Suzanne Urbanczyk, 439–470. Amherst: GLSA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staroverov, Peter. 2006. Vowel deletion and stress in Tundra Nenets. In Proceedings of the first central European student conference in linguistics, ed. Beáta Gyuris, 1–20. Budapest: Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. http://www.nytud.hu/cescl/proceedings/Peter_Staroverov_CESCL.pdf. Accessed 16 June 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tesar, Bruce. 1995. Computational Optimality Theory. PhD dissertation, University of Colorado. Rutgers Optimality Archive 90. http://roa.rutgers.edu

  • Thurneysen, Rudolf. 1961. A grammar of Old Irish. Dublin: Dublin Institute of Advanced Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiese, Richard. 2001. The structure of the German vocabulary: edge marking of categories and functional considerations. Linguistics 39: 95–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willett, Elizabeth. 1982. Reduplication and accent in Southeastern Tepehuan. International Journal of American Linguistics 48: 168–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willett, Thomas L. 1991. A reference grammar of Southeastern Tepehuan. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, Colin. 2000. Targeted constraints: an approach to contextual neutralization in Optimality Theory. PhD dissertation, Johns Hopkins University.

  • Wilson, Colin. 2001. Consonant cluster neutralization and targeted constraints. Phonology 18: 147–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zec, Draga. 2003. Prosodic weight. In The syllable in Optimality Theory, eds. Caroline Féry and Ruben van de Vijver, 123–143. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Linguistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA

    John J. McCarthy

Authors
  1. John J. McCarthy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John J. McCarthy.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

McCarthy, J.J. The serial interaction of stress and syncope. Nat Language Linguistic Theory 26, 499–546 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-008-9051-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-008-9051-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation