Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The land use–climate change–energy nexus

Landscape Ecology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Landscape ecology focuses on the spatial patterns and processes of ecological and human interactions. These patterns and processes are being altered by both changing resource-management practices of humans and changing climate conditions associated, in part, with increases in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. Dominant resource-extraction and land-management activities involve energy, and the use of fossil energy is one of the key drivers behind increasing greenhouse gas emissions as well as land-use changes. Alternative energy sources (such as wind, solar, nuclear, and bioenergy) are being explored to reduce greenhouse gas emission rates. Yet, energy production, including alternative-energy options, can have a wide range of effects on land productivity, surface cover, albedo, and other factors that affect carbon, water, and energy fluxes and, in turn, climate. Meanwhile, climate influences the potential output, relative efficiencies, and sustainability of alternative energy sources. Thus, land use, climate change, and energy choices are linked, and any comprehensive analysis in landscape ecology that considers one of these factors should be cognizant of these interactions. This analysis explores the implications of linkages between land use, climate hange, and energy and points out ecological patterns and processes that may be affected by their interactions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

References

  • Ackermann T, Söder L (2000) Wind energy technology and current status: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 4:315–374

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahn J, Brook EJ (2008) Atmospheric CO2 and climate on millennial time scales during the last glacial period. Science 322:83–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AOPL (Association of Oil Pipe Lines) (2009) 2007 Shifts in petroleum transportation. http://www.aopl.org/pdf/Shift_Report_Posted_September_2_20091.pdf. Accessed September 2010

  • AOPL (Association of Oil Pipe Lines) (2010) Ethanol, biofuels, and pipeline transportation. http://www.aopl.org/pdf/AOPL_API__Ethanol_Transportation_March_2010.pdf. Accessed September 2010

  • Atwell RC, Schulte LA, Westphal LM (2009) Landscape, community, countryside: linking biophysical and social scales in US Corn Belt agricultural landscapes. Landscape Ecol 24:791–806

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barthelmie RJ, Morris SD, Schechter P (2008) Carbon neutral Biggar: calculating the community carbon footprint and renewable energy options for footprint reduction. Sustain Sci 3:267–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumert KA, Herzog T, Pershing J (2005) Navigating the numbers: greenhouse gas data and international climate policy. World Resources Institute. http://www.wri.org/publication/navigating-the-numbers. Accessed April 2011

  • BLM (Bureau of Land Management) (2008) Oil shale and tar sands final programmatic environmental impact statement (PEIS). FES 08-32. U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. http://ostseis.anl.gov/documents/fpeis/index.cfm. Accessed September 2010

  • Bogdanski A, Dubois O, Jamieson C, Rainer K (2010) Making integrated food-energy systems work for people and climate. Environment and natural resources management working paper #45. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO, Rome

  • Booth DB, Hartley D, Jackson R (2002) Forest cover, impervious-surface area, and the mitigation of storm water impacts. J Am Water Resour Assoc 38:835–947

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briones MJI, Ostle NJ, McNamara NR, Poskitt J (2009) Functional shifts of grassland soil communities in response to soil warming. Soil Biol Biochem 41:315–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Canadell JG, Le Quéré C, Raupach MR, Field CB, Buitenhuis, ET, Ciais P, Conway TJ, Gillett NP, Houghton RA, Marland G (2007) Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(47):18866–18870

  • Charney J, Quirk WJ, Chow SH, Kornfield J (1977) Comparative study of effects of albedo change on drought in semi-arid regions. J Atmos Sci 34(9):1366–1385

    Google Scholar 

  • Costanza R, Perez-Maqueo O, Martinez ML, Sutton P, Anderson SJ, Mulder K (2008) The value of coastal wetlands for hurricane protection. Ambio 37:241–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Crutzen PJ, Andreae MO (1990) Biomass burning in the tropics: impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science 250:1669–1678

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dale VH (1997) The relationship between land-use change and climate change. Ecol Appl 7:753–769

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dale VH, King AW (1996) Implications of uncertainty in land-use change for global terrestrial CO2 flux. In: Korpilahti E, Mikkela H, Salpnen T (eds) Caring for the forest: research in a changing world. International Union of Forestry Research Organizations XX World Congress report, vol II. Gummerus Printing, Jyvaskyla, pp 284–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Dale VH, Houghton RA, Hall CAS (1991) Estimating the effects of land-use change on global atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Can J For Res 21:87–90

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dale VH, Joyce LA, McNulty S, Neilson RP, Ayres MP, Flannigan MD, Hanson PJ, Irland LC, Lugo AE, Peterson CJ, Simberloff D, Swanson FJ, Stocks BJ, Wotton BM (2001) Climate change and forest disturbances. Bioscience 51:723–734

    Google Scholar 

  • Dale VH, Fargione J, Kline K, Wiens J (2010) Biofuels: implications for land use and biodiversity. Biofuels and sustainability report of the Ecological Society of America. http://www.esa.org/biofuelsreports. Accessed March 2011

  • Dale VH, Wright L, Kline KL, Perlack R, Graham RL, Downing M (2011) Interactions between bioenergy feedstock choices and landscape dynamics and land use. Ecol Appl 21(4):1039–1054

    Google Scholar 

  • Denholm P, Margolis RM (2008) Land-use requirements and the per-capita solar footprint for photovoltaic generation in the United States. Energy Policy 36:3531–3543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • di Norcia V (2008) Global warming is man-made: key points in the International Panel on Climate Change 2007 report. Oxford University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson RE (1991) Global change and terrestrial hydrology: a review. Tellus 43 AB:176–181

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2005) Global forest resources assessment 2005: progress towards sustainable forest management. FAO forestry paper 147. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://www.fao.org/forestry/fra2005/en/. Accessed September 2010

  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2007) Forestry paper 151. FAO, Rome. Fire management—global assessment 2006. A thematic study. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/A0969E/A0969E02.pdf. Accessed March 2011

  • Fargione J, Hill J, Tilman D, Polasky S, Hawthorne P (2008) Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt. Science 319:1235–1238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fearnside PM (1995) Hydroelectric dams in the Brazilian Amazon as sources of “greenhouse” gases. Environ Conserv 22:7–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fearnside PM (2002) Avanca Brasil: environmental and social consequences of Brazil’s planned infrastructure in Amazonia. Environ Manag 30:735–747

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finer M, Orta-Martinez M (2010) A second hydrocarbon boom threatens the Peruvian Amazon: trends, projections, and policy implications. Environ Res Lett 5:014012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finer M, Moncel R, Jenkins CN (2010) Leaving the oil under the Amazon: Ecuador’s Yasuni-ITT initiative. Biotropica 42:63–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finkl CW, Charlier RH (2003) Sustainability of subtropical coastal zones in southeastern Florida: challenges for urbanized coastal environments threatened by development, pollution, water supply, and storm hazards. J Coast Res 19:934–943

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher MJ, Rao IM, Ayarza MA, Lascano CE, Sanz JI, Thomas RJ, Vera RR (1994) Carbon storage by introduced deep-rooted grasses in the South America savannas. Nature 371:236–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Forman RTT (1995) Land mosaics: the ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaucherel C, Griffon S, Misson L, Houet T (2010) Combining process-based models for future biomass assessment at landscape scale. Landscape Ecol 25:201–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Geist HJ, Lambin EF (2002) Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation. Bioscience 52:143–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giglio L, Randerson JT, van der Werf GR, Kasibhatla PS, Collatz GJ, Morton DC, De Fries RS (2010) Assessing variability and long-term trends in burned area by merging multiple satellite fire products. Biogeosciences 7:1171–1186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gleick P (2009) Three Gorges Dam Project, Yangtze River, China. Water Brief 3. http://www.worldwater.org/data20082009/WB03.pdf. Accessed February 2011

  • Gorham E (1991) Northern peatlands: role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming. Ecol Appl 1:182–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham RL, Liu W, Downing M, Noon CE, Daly M, Moore A (1997) The effect of location and facility demand on the marginal cost of delivered wood chips from energy crops: a case study of the state of Tennessee. Biomass Bioenergy 13(3):117–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Grainger A (2008) Difficulties in tracking the long-term global trend in tropical forest area. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:818–823

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grainger A (2009) Measuring the planet to fill terrestrial data gaps. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:20557–20558

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grimm NB, Faeth SH, Golubiewski NE, Redman CL, Wu JG, Bai XM, Briggs JM (2008) Global change and the ecology of cities. Science 319:756–760

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta AK (2004) Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration. Curr Sci 87:54–59. http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jul102004/54.pdf. Accessed February 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardoy JE, Mitlin D, Satterthwaite D (2001) Environmental problems in an urbanizing world. Earthscan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hays JD, Imbrie J, Shackleton N (1976) Variations in the Earth’s orbit: pacemaker of the ice ages. Science 194:1121–1132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heckenberger MJ, Kuikuro A, Kuikuro UT, Russell JC, Schmidt M, Fausto C, Franchetto B (2003) Amazonia 1492: pristine forest or cultural parkland? Science 301:1710–1714

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IEA Bioenergy (2005) Benefits of bioenergy. http://www.ieabioenergy.com/LibItem.aspx?id=179. Accessed September 2010

  • International Energy Agency (IEA) (2010) Key world energy statistics. IEA, Paris. www.iea.org. Accessed March 2011

  • IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007) Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment. Oxford University Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Jager HI, Efroymson RA, Sublette KL, Ashwood TL (2005) Unnatural landscapes in ecology: generating the spatial distribution of brine spills. Environmetrics 16:687–698

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson FM, Sharma A (2009) GCM simulations of a future climate: how does the skill of GCM precipitation simulations compare to temperature simulations? In: 18th World IMACS/MODSIM Congress, Cairns, Australia 13–17, 2009. http://www.mssanz.org.au/modsim09/G2/johnson_fm_G2.pdf. Accessed October 2010

  • Johnsson GL (1985) Wind energy systems. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauppi PE, Ausubel JH, Fang JY, Mather AS, Sedjo RA, Waggoner PE (2006) Returning forests analyzed with the forest identity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:17574–17579

    Google Scholar 

  • Keam S, McCormick N (2008) Implementing sustainable bioenergy production: a compilation of tools and resources. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland

    Google Scholar 

  • Keeney R, Hertel TW (2009) The indirect land use impacts of United States biofuel policies: the importance of acreage, yield, and bilateral trade responses. Am J Agric Econ 91:895–909

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim H, Kim S, Dale BE (2009) Biofuels, land-use change, and greenhouse gas emissions: some unexplored variables. Environ Sci Technol 43:961–967

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kline KL, Dale VH (2008) Biofuels, causes of land-use change, and the role of fire in greenhouse gas emissions. Science 321:199

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kline KL, Dale VH, Lee R, Leiby P (2009) In defense of biofuels, done right. Issues Sci Technol 25(3):75–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambin EF, Geist HJ, Lepers E (2003) Dynamics of land-use and land-cover change in tropical regions. Annu Rev Environ Resour 28:205–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laurance WF, Croes BM, Tchignoumba L, Lahm SA, Alonso A, Lee ME, Campbell P, Ondzeano C (2006) Impacts of roads and hunting on central African rainforest mammals. Conserv Biol 20:1251–1261

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence PJ, Chase TN (2010) Investigating the climate impacts of global land cover change in the community climate system model. Int J Climatol 30:2066–2087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Quéré C, Raupach MR, Canadell JG, Marland G, Bopp L, Ciais P, Conway TJ, Doney SC, Feely RA, Foster P, Friedlingstein P, Gurney K, Houghton RA, House JI, Huntingford C, Levy PE, Lomas MR, Majkut J, Metzl N, Ometto JP, Peters GP, Prentice IC, Randerson JT, Running SW, Sarmiento, JL, Schuster U, Sitch S, Takahashi T, Viovy N, van der Werf GR, Woodward Fl (2009) Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide. Nat Geosci 2:831–836

  • Lindenmayer DB, Hunter ML, Burton PJ, Gibbons P (2009) Effects of logging on fire regimes in moist forests. Conserv Lett 2:271–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luken JO, Hinton AC, Baker DG (1992) Response of woody plant communities in power-line corridors to frequent anthropogenic disturbance. Ecol Appl 2:356–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacMynowski DP, Root TL (2009) Climate and the complexity of migratory phenology: sexes, migratory distances, and arrival distributions. Int J Biometeorol 51:361–373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markoff MS, Cullen AC (2008) Impact of climate change on Pacific Northwest hydropower. Clim Chang 87:451–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marland G, Boden TA, Andres RJ et al (2006) Global, regional, and national fossil fuel CO2 emissions. In: Trends: a compendium of data on global change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge. http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/trends.htm. Accessed February 2011

  • McBride A, Dale VH, Baskaran L, Downing M, Eaton L, Efroymson RA, Garten C, Kline KL, Jager H, Mulholland P, Parish E, Schweizer P, Storey J (2011) Indicators to support environmental sustainability of bioenergy systems. Ecol Indic 11:1277:1289

    Google Scholar 

  • McElroy MB, Lu X, Nielsen CP, Wang YX (2009) Potential for wind-generated electricity in China. Science 325:1378–1380

    Google Scholar 

  • Meierdiercks KL, Smith JA, Baeck ML, Miller AJ (2010) Analysis of urban drainage network structure and its impact on hydrologic response. J Am Water Resour Assoc 46:932–943

    Google Scholar 

  • Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being: general synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Ming Y, Ramaswamy V (2009) Nonlinear climate and hydrological responses to aerosol effects. J Clim 22:1329–1339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monti A, Di Virgilio N, Venturi G (2008) Mineral composition and ash content of six major energy crops. Biomass Bioenergy 32:216–223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morton RA, Bernier JC, Barras JA (2006) Evidence of regional subsidence and associated interior wetland loss induced by hydrocarbon production, Gulf Coast region, USA. Environ Geol 50:261–274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Musacchio LR (2009) The scientific basis for the design of landscape sustainability: a conceptual framework for translational landscape research and practice of designed landscapes and the six Es of landscape sustainability. Landscape Ecol 24:993–1013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nassauer JI, Opdam P (2008) Design in science: extending the landscape ecology paradigm. Landscape Ecol 23:633–644

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls RJ (2004) Coastal flooding and wetland loss in the 21st century: changes under the SRES climate and socioeconomic scenarios. Glob Environ Chang 14:69–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) (2010) Extreme events. http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=weather&file=events/. Accessed October 2010

  • NRC (National Research Council) (2002) Coal waste impoundments: risks, responses, and alternatives. National Research Council, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • NRC (National Research Council) (2010) Verifying greenhouse gas emissions: methods to support international climate agreements. National Academies Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Opdam P, Luque S, Jones KB (2009) Changing landscapes to accommodate for climate change impacts: a call for landscape ecology. Landscape Ecol 24:715–721

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Page SE, Rieley JO, Banks CJ (2011) Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool. Glob Chang Biol 17:798–818

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parks N (2009) The price of tar sands oil. Front Ecol Environ 7:232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (2006) Carbon footprint of electricity generation. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, Number 268, London. http://www.parliament.uk/documents/post/postpn268.pdf. Accessed September 2010

  • Perlin J (1989) A forest journey: the role of wood in the development of civilization. Harvard University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • PHMSA (Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration) (2009) Pipeline basics. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/PipelineBasics.htm?nocache=4627. Accessed September 2010

  • Pielke RA, Avissar R (1990) Influence of landscape structure on local and regional climate. Landscape Ecol 4:133–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pielke RA, Avissar R, Raupach M, Dolman AJ, Zeng XB, Denning AS (1998) Interactions between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems: influence on weather and climate. Glob Chang Biol 4:461–475

    Google Scholar 

  • Pijanowski BC, Iverson LR, Drew CA, Bulley HNN, Rhemtulla JM, Wimberly MC, Bartsch A, Peng J (2010) Addressing the interplay of poverty and the ecology of landscapes: a grand challenge topic for landscape ecologists? Landscape Ecol 25:5–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raupach MR, Marland G, Ciais P, Le Quere C, Canadell JG, Klepper G, Field CB (2007) Global and regional drivers accelerating CO2 emissions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:10288–10293

    Google Scholar 

  • Rescia AJ, Astrada EN, Bono J, Blasco CA, Meli P, Adamoli JM (2006) Environmental analysis in the selection of alternative corridors in a long-distance linear project: a methodological proposal. J Environ Manag 80:266–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich AC, Dobkin DS, Niles LJ (1994) Defining forest fragmentation by corridor width—the influence of narrow forest dividing corridors on forest-nesting birds in southern New Jersey. Conserv Biol 8:1109–1121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson GP, Dale VH, Doering OC, Hamburg SP, Melillo JM, Wander MM, Parton WJ, Adler PR, Barney JN, Cruse RM, Duke CS, Fearnside PM, Follett RF, Gibbs HK, Goldemberg J, Mladenoff DJ, Ojima D, Palmer MW, Sharpley A, Wallace L, Weathers KC, Wiens JA, Wilhelm WW (2008) Sustainable biofuels redux. Science 322(5898):49–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rockström J, Steffen W, Noone K, Persson A, Chapin FS, Lambin EF, Lenton TM, Scheffer M, Folke C, Schellnhuber HJ, Nykvist B, de Wit CA, Hughes T, van der Leeuw S, Rodhe H, Sorlin S, Snyder PK, Costanza R, Svedin U, Falkenmark M, Karlberg L, Corell RW, Fabry VJ, Hansen J, Walker B, Liverman D, Richardson K, Crutzen P, Foley JA (2009) A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461:472–475

    Google Scholar 

  • Root TL, Price JT, Hall KR, Schneider SH, Rosenzweig C, Pounds JA (2003) Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants. Nature 421:57–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenzweig C, Karoly D, Vicarelli M, Neofotis P, Wu QG, Casassa G, Menzel A, Root TL, Estrella N, Seguin B, Tryjanowski P, Liu CZ, Rawlins S, Imeson A, (2008) Attributing physical and biological impacts to anthropogenic climate change. Nature 453:353–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowntree PR, Balton JA (1983) Simulation of the atmospheric response to soil moisture anomalies over Europe. Q J R Meteorol Soc 109:501–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Safranyik L, Wilson WR (2006) The mountain pine beetle: a synthesis of biology, management, and impacts on lodgepole pine. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria. http://mpb.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/synthesis_e.html. Accessed September 2010

  • Sandia National Laboratory (2007) Energy water roadmap report. http://www.sandia.gov/energy-water/roadmap_report.htm. Accessed December 2010

  • Scarre C (2009) The human past: world prehistory and the development of human societies, 2nd edn. Thames and Hudson, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Shukla J, Mintz Y (1982) Influence of land surface evapo-transpiration on the Earth’s climate. Science 215(4539):1498–1501

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinervo B, Mendez-de-la-Cruz F, Miles DB, Heulin B, Bastiaans E, Cruz MVS, Lara-Resendiz R, Martinez-Mendez N, Calderon-Espinosa ML, Meza- Lazaro RN, Gadsden H, Avila LJ, Morando M, De la Riva IJ, Sepulveda PV, Rocha CFD, Ibarguengoytia N, Puntriano CA, Massot M, Lepetz V, Oksanen TA, Chapple DG, Bauer AM, Branch, WR, Clobert J, Sites JW (2010) Erosion of lizard diversity by climate change and altered thermal niches. Science 328:894–899

  • Sivakumar MVK, Stefanski R (2007) Climate and land degradation—an overview. In: Climate and land degradation. Springer, New York, pp 105–135

  • Small C, Nicholls RJ (2003) A global analysis of human settlement in coastal zones. J Coast Res 19:584–599

    Google Scholar 

  • Sohl TL, Loveland TR, Sleeter BM, Sayler KL, Barnes CA (2010) Addressing foundational elements of regional land-use change forecasting. Landscape Ecol 25:233–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun G, McNulty SG, Myers JAM, Cohen EC (2008) Impacts of multiple stresses on water demand and supply across the southeastern United States. J Am Water Resour Assoc 44:1441–1457

    Google Scholar 

  • Termorshuizen JW, Opdam P (2009) Landscape services as a bridge between landscape ecology and sustainable development. Landscape Ecol 24:1037–1052

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • US Department of Commerce (2011) Trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Earth Systems Research Laboratory, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/. Accessed February 2011

  • USAID (U.S. Agency for International Development) (2009) LAC tropical forest and biodiversity FAA 118/119 country analyses. U.S. Agency of International Development, Washington, DC. http://www.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/environment/118_119.html. Accessed September 2010

  • van der Werf GR, Morton DC, DeFries RS, Olivier JGJ, Kasibhatla PS, Jackson RB, Collatz GJ, Randerson JT (2009) CO2 emissions from forest loss. Nat Geosci 2:737–738

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Doorn AM, Bakker MM (2007) The destination of arable land in a marginal agricultural landscape in South Portugal: an exploration of land use change determinants. Landscape Ecol 22:1073–1087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vicuna S, Leonardson R, Hanemann MW, Dale LL, Dracup JA (2008) Climate change impacts on high elevation hydropower generation in California’s Sierra Nevada: a case study in the Upper American River. Clim Chang 87(Suppl 1):S123–S137

    Google Scholar 

  • Viña A, Echavarria FR, Rundquist DC (2004) Satellite change detection analysis of deforestation rates and patterns along the Colombia–Ecuador border. Ambio 33:118–125

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walter KM, Zimov SA, Chanton JP, Verbyla D, Chapin FS (2006) Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming. Nature 443(7107):71–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Weishampel JF, Knox RG, Levine ER (1999) Soil saturation effects on forest dynamics: scaling across a southern boreal/northern hardwood landscape. Landscape Ecol 14:121–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werth D, Avissar R (2002) The local and global effects of Amazon deforestation. J Geophys Res 197:8087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wickham JD, Riitters KH, Wade TG, Coan M, Homer C (2007) The effect of Appalachian mountaintop mining on interior forest. Landscape Ecol 22:179–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilbanks TJ, Bhatt V, Bilello DE, Bull SR, Ekmann J, Horak WC, Huang YJ, Levine MD, Sale MJ, Schmalzer DK, Scott MJ (2007) Effects of climate change on energy production and use in the United States. Department of Energy, Office of Biological & Environmental Research, Washington, DC. http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap4-5/final-report/default.htm. Accessed March 2011

  • Wind BD, Wallender WW (1997) Fossil-fuel carbon emission control in irrigated maize production. Energy 22:827–846

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodwell GM, Houghton RA (1977) Biotic influences on the world carbon budget. In: Strumm W (ed) Global chemical cycles and their alterations by man. Dahlem Knoferenzen, Berlin, pp 61–72

    Google Scholar 

  • World Energy Council (2010) 2010 Survey of energy resources executive summary. World Energy Council, London. http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/3040.asp. Accessed April 2011

  • Wu J (2008) Making the case for landscape ecology: an effective approach to urban sustainability. Landsc J 27:41–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under the Office of the Biomass Program. Oak Ridge National Laboratory is managed by the UT-Battelle, LLC, for DOE under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. We thank Arielle Notte and Christen Donald for helping us synthesize background information. Frederick O’Hara edited the manuscript, and Jennifer Smith checked some references. Ben Preston, Paul Opdam, Jianguo Wu, and two anonymous reviewers provided useful comments in reviews of an earlier draft of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Virginia H. Dale.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Dale, V.H., Efroymson, R.A. & Kline, K.L. The land use–climate change–energy nexus. Landscape Ecol 26, 755–773 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-011-9606-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-011-9606-2

Keywords

Navigation