Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Winter counter-wind currents off the southeastern China coast: A review

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Oceanography Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review covers the discovery and studies of the year-round northeastward currents off the southeastern China coast, paying special attention to its upwind characteristic in winter, mainly focusing on work by Chinese oceanographers. This current system is a prominent and unique phenomenon in the shelf circulation of the world ocean. The general features of the current system are summarized. The evidence for the existence and the variation of the three parts of the currents—the South China Sea Warm Current, the Taiwan Strait Warm Current and the Taiwan Warm Current—are separately elucidated. The formation mechanisms of the current as a whole are explained using dynamic analysis and numerical simulation results. Some suggestions for further studies are also made.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Cai, S. Q. and W. Z. Wang (1997): A numerical study on the circulation mechanism in the northeastern South China Sea and Taiwan Strait. Tropic Oceanology, 16(1), 7–15 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chao, S. Y., P. T. Shaw and J. Wang (1995): Wind relaxation as a possible cause of the South China Sea Warm Current. J. Oceanogr., 51(1), 111–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, C. T. A. (2003): Rare northward flow in the Taiwan Strait in winter: a note. Cont. Shelf Res., 23, 387–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G. (1992): Marine Atlas of the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea: Hydrology. China Ocean Press, Beijing, 524 pp. (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chern, C. S. and J. Wang (1989): On the water masses at northern offshore area of Taiwan. Acta Oceanogr. Taiwan., 22, 14–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chern, C. S. and J. Wang (1990): On the Kuroshio branch current north of Taiwan. Acta Oceanogr. Taiwan., 25, 55–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chuang, W. S. (1985): Dynamics of subtidal flow in the Taiwan Strait. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 41, 65–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chuang, W. S. (1986): A note on the driving mechanism of the current in the Taiwan Strait. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 42, 355–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fang, G. H. (1995): The structure of the Taiwan-Tsushima-Tsugaru current system and its relation to the Kuroshio. Mar. Sci., 4, 43–48 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, G. H. and B. R. Zhao (1988): A note on the main forcing of the northeastward flowing current off the southeast China coast. Prog. Oceanogr., 21, 363–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, G. H., B. R. Zhao and Y. H. Zhu (1991): Water volume transport through the Taiwan Strait and the continental shelf of the East China Sea measured with current meter. p. 345–358. In Oceanography of Asian Marginal Seas, ed. by K. Takano, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, G. H., B. R. Zhao and Y. H. Zhu (1992): A preliminary study on the Taiwan-Tsushima-Tsugaru Warm Current System and its dynamic mechanism. p. 13–27. In Selected Papers of Symposium on Ocean Circulation, ed. by Q. Zeng et al., China Ocean Press, Beijing (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, G. H., J. P. Zhao, J. Bole, J. P. Mathisen, P. Schjolberg and H. Pan (1995): Circulation, internal tides and solitons at the shelf break of the Northern South China Sea—An analysis of measured currents. p. 50–51. In Marine Science Conference in Taiwan Adjacent Seas—Program and Abstracts, Taipei, Taiwan.

  • Fang, G. H., W. D. Fang, Y. Fang and K. Wang (1998): A survey of studies on the South China Sea upper ocean circulation. Acta Oceanogr. Taiwan., 37(1), 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, G. H., D. Susanto, I. Soesilo, Q. A. Zheng, F. L. Qiao and Z. X. Wei (2005): A note on the South China Sea shallow interocean circulation. Adv. Atmos. Sci. (in press).

  • Fang, Y., G. H. Fang and K. Yu (1996): ADI barotropic ocean model for simulation of Kuroshio intrusion into China southeastern waters. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol., 14(4), 357–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, Y., G. H. Fang, K. Wang and Z. X. Wei (2001): Dynamics of the Kuroshio intrusion into the southeast China adjacent waters—A numerical study. J. Hydrodyn., B13(3), 28–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • FIO (Fujian Institute of Oceanology) (1988): Report of a Compehensive Oceanographic Survey of the Central and Northern Part of the Taiwan Strait. China Science Press, Beijing, 423 pp. (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu, Z. L., J. Y. Hu and G. M. Yu (1991): Sea water flux through Taiwan Strait. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol., 9(3), 232–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guan, B. X. (1978a): The warm current in the South China Sea—a current flowing against the wind in winter in the open sea off Guangdong Province. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 9(2), 117–127 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Guan, B. X. (1978b): New evidences for the South China Sea Warm Current. Marine Sciences (Suppl.), 100–103 (in Chinese).

  • Guan, B. X. (1978c): A sketch of the current system of the East China Sea. p. 126–133. In Collected Papers of the Continental Shelf of the East China Sea, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Guan, B. X. (1978d): The topographic effects of Taiwan Island, China and adjacent bottom relief on the path of the Kuroshio. Studia Marina Sinica, 14, 1–21 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Guan, B. X. (1984): Major features of the shallow water hydrography in the East China Sea and Huanghai Sea. p. 1–13. In Ocean Hydrodynamics of the Japan and East China Seas, ed. by T. Ichiye, Elsevier, Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guan, B. X. (1985): Some temporal and spatial distribution features of the wintertime counter-wind current in the northern South China Sea. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 16(6), 429–437 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Guan, B. X. (1986): Evidence for a counter-wind current in winter off the southeast coast of China. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol., 4(4), 319–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guan, B. X. (1993): Winter counter-wind current off the southeastern China coast and a preliminary investigation of its source. p. 1–9. In Proceedings of the Symposium on the Physical and Chemical Oceanography of the China Seas, China Ocean Press, Beijing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guan, B. X. (1995): Current in the western Taiwan Strait. p. 53–54. In Marine Science Conference in the Taiwan Adjacent Seas—Program and Abstracts, Taipei, Taiwan.

  • Guan, B. X. (1998): A review of study on the South China Sea Warm Current. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 29(3), 322–329 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Guan, B. X. (1999): Phenomenon of the temperature inversion layer in winter in the coastal water of the western East China Sea and its relation to circulation. Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai and Bohai Seas, 17(2), 1–7 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Guan, B. X. (2002): Winter Counter-wind Current off the Southeastern China Coast. China Ocean University Press, Qingdao, 267 pp. (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Guan, B. X. and S. J. Chen (1964): The Current Systems in the Near-Sea Area of China Seas. 85 pp. (in Chinese).

  • Guan, B. X. and H. L. Mao (1982): A note on circulation of the East China Sea. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol., 1(1), 5–16. also p. 1–24. In Proceedings of the Japan-China Ocean Study Symposium, 1981, Shimizu, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guan, B. X., W. L. Ding and H. L. Mao (1964): A preliminary study on the surface current system in southern Yellow Sea and northern East China Sea in winter and some related problems (in Chinese, manuscript).

  • Guo, B. H., K. Lin and W. X. Song (1985): On the summer current field in the southern East China Sea. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 7(2), 143–153 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo, Z. X., T. H. Yang and D. Z. Qiu (1985): The South China Sea Warm Current and the SW-ward current at its right side in winter. Tropic Oceanology, 4(1), 1–9 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellerman, S. and M. Rosenstein (1983): Normal monthly wind stress over the world ocean with error estimates. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1093–1104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hishida, M. (1994): On the variation of oceanographic conditions in the source area of the Tsushima Warm Current. p. 212–225. In Proceedings of China-Japan JSCRK, China Ocean Press, Beijing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsueh, Y. (2001): The South China Sea Warm Current (SCSWC). In Proceedings of the 11th PAM S/JECSS Workshop: Extended Abstract Volume, Cheju, Korea, 91–92.

  • Hsueh, Y. and L. Zhong (2004): A pressure-driven South China Sea Warm Current. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C09014, doi:10.1029/2004JC002374.

  • Hu, J. Y. and M. S. Liu (1992): The current structure during summer in southern Taiwan Strait. Tropic Oceanology, 11(4), 42–47 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, J. Y., Z. L. Fu and L. X. Wu (1990): Studies on the wintertime current structure and T-S fine-structure in the Taiwan Strait. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol., 8(4), 319–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, J. Y., H. Kawamura, H. Hong and Y. Q. Qi (2000): A review on the currents in the South China Sea: Seasonal circulation, South China Sea Warm Current and Kuroshio intrusion. J. Oceanogr., 56, 607–624.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Q. Z., W. Z. Wang, Y. S. Li and C. W. Li (1994): Current characteristics of the South China Sea. p. 39–47. In Oceanology of China Seas. I, ed. by D. Zhou et al., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isobe, A. (1999): On the origin of the Tsushima Warm Current and its seasonality. Cont. Shelf Res., 19(1), 117–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jan, S. and S. Y. Chao (2003): Seasonal variation of volume transport in the major inflow region of the Taiwan Strait: the Penghu Channel. Deep-Sea Res. II, 50, 1117–1126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JHO (Hydrographic Office of Japan) (1925): The Meteorological and Ocean Current Charts in the Adjacent Sea of Japan (No. 6042), Charts 20–23 (in Japanese).

  • Kim, K.-R., Y.-K. Cho, D.-J. Kang and J.-H. Ki (2005): The origin of the Tsushima Current based on oxygen isotope measurement. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L03602, doi:1029/2004GL021211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ko, D. S., R. H. Preller, G. A. Jacobs, T. Y. Tang and S. F. Lin (2003): Transport reversals at Taiwan Strait during October and November 1999. J. Geophys. Res., 108(C11), 3370, doi:10.1029/2003JC001836.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo, M. (1985): Oceanographic investigations of fishing grounds in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea—I. Characteristics of the mean temperature and salinity distributions measured at 50m and near the bottom. Bulletin of Seikai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, 62, 19–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwan, P. H. (Guan, B. X.) (1957): A preliminary study on the relations between the surface currents and the winds along China coast. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 1(1), 95–122 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, L. (1996): An oceanic front at the shelf-slope region of the northeastern South China Sea, March 1992. Oceanography in China, 6, 33–41, China Ocean Press, Beijing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, L., X. G. Guo and R. S. Wu (2000a): Oceanic fronts in southern Taiwan Strait. Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait, 19(2), 147–156 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, L., R. S. Wu and X. G. Guo (2000b): Seasonal circulation in the South China Sea—a TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimetry study. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 22(6), 13–26 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, R. F. and Q. C. Zeng (1994): A numerical simulation of the winter-time current system in the China Sea and adjacent areas. Science in China (Series B), 37(6), 710–722.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, R. (F.), Q. Zeng, Z. Ji and D. Guo (1992): Numerical simulation of a northeastward flowing current from area off the eastern Hainan Island to Tsugaru/Soya Strait. La Mer, 30, 229–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, R. F., Q. C. Zeng, Z. J. Gan and W. Z. Wang (1993): Numerical simulation of the South China Sea Warm Current and the Taiwan Strait flow in winter. Progress in Natural Science, 3(2), 123–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang, W. D., T. Y. Tang, Y. J. Yang, M. T. Ko and W. S. Chuang (2003): Upper-ocean currents around Taiwan. Deep-Sea Res. II, 50, 1085–1105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, X. S. and J. L. Su (1994): A two-layer model for the circulation of the East China Sea. Donghai Marine Science, 12(1), 1–20 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, S. F., T. Y. Tang and S. Jan (2003): Taiwan Strait current. p. 7-1-1–7-1-4. In Proceedings of the 12th PAMS/JECSS Workshop—Extended Abstract Volume, Hangzhou, China.

  • Liu, X. B. and J. L. Su (1993): A numerical model of winter circulation in the shelf seas adjacent to China. p. 288–298. In Proceedings of the Symposium on the Physical and Chemical Oceanography of the China Seas, China Ocean Press, Beijing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma, H. (1987): On the winter circulation of the northern South China Sea and its relation to large oceanic current. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol., 5(1), 9–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mao, H. L., Y. W. Ren and G. M. Wan (1964): A preliminary investigation on the application of using T-S diagram for a quantitative analysis of the water masses in the shallow water area. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 6, 1–22 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nitani, H. (1972): Beginning of the Kuroshio. p. 129–163. In Kuroshio—Its Physical Aspects, ed. by H. Stommel and K. Yoshida, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • SCSB (South China Sea Branch, SOA) (1990): Report of Decadal Hydrographic Series Survey of the Shelf and Adjacent Waters of the Northern South China Sea, ed. by Y. L. Ma et al., China Ocean Press, Beijing, 254 pp. (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • SCSIO (South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS) (1985): Report of the 1979–1982 Multidisciplinary Research Program on the Northern South China Sea, Vol. II. China Science Press, Beijing. 432 pp. (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Su, J. L. (1998): Circulation dynamics of the China Seas north of 18°N. p. 483–505. The Sea, II, ed. by A. R. Robinson and K. H. Brink, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

  • Su, J. L. (2001): A review of circulation dynamics of the coastal oceans near China. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 23(4), 1–16 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Su, J. L. (2003): Overview of the South China Sea circulation and the coastal oceanography south of China. p. 1-1-1–1-1-6. In Proceedings of the 12th PAMS/JECSS Workshop-Extended Abstract Volume, Hangzhou, China.

  • Su, J. L. and Y. Q. Pan (1987): On the shelf circulation north of Taiwan. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 6(Supp. I), 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Su, J. L. and W. Wang (1987): On the sources of the Taiwan Warm Current from the South China Sea. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol., 5(4), 299–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Su, J. L., B. X. Guan and J. Z. Jiang (1990): The Kuroshio. I. Physical features. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 28, 11–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takano, K., A. Harashima and T. Namba (1998): A numerical simulation of the circulation in the South China Sea—Preliminary results. Acta Oceanogr. Taiwan., 37(2), 165–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang, Y. X., X. J. Xiong and X. M. Hu (2003): The current structure and their seasonal variation in the Huanghai (Yellow) and the East China Seas. p. 2-8-1–2-8-3. In Proceedings of the 12th PAMS/JECSS Workshop— Extended Abstract Volume, Hangzhou, China.

  • Teague, W. J., G. A. Jacobs, D. S. Ko, T. Y. Tang, K. I. Chang and M. S. Suk (2003): Connectivity of the Taiwan, Cheju and Korea Straits. Cont. Shelf Res., 23, 63–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uda, M. (1931): Monthly mean oceanographic maps (1918–1930) and current patterns inferred from these maps in the near-sea region of Japan (Report No. 2, January–June). J. Imp. Fisheries Inst. Japan, 2 (in Japanese).

  • Uda, M. (1950): On the temperature variation in the East China Sea. I. Hydrography of the East China Sea and Yellow Sea, 2, 1–10 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Uda, M. and T. Nakao (1974): Water masses and currents in the South China Sea and their seasonal changes. p. 161–188. In Kuroshio III, Proc. 3rd CSK Symp., Bangkok, Thailand (1972).

  • Wang, J. and C. S. Chern (1988): On the Kuroshio branch in the Taiwan Strait during wintertime. Prog. Oceanogr., 21, 469–491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J. and C. S. Chern (1989): On cold water intrusion in the eastern Taiwan Strait during the cold season. Acta Oceanographica Taiwanica, 22, 43–67 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J. and C. S. Chern (1996): Some aspects on the increment of salinity in the southern Taiwan Strait. Oceanography in China, 6, 13–32, China Ocean Press, Beijing (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, K., G. H. Fang and X. H. Shi (2001): Numerical study on the formation of the South China Sea Warm Current: Baroclinic case. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol., 19(1), 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y. H., S. Jan and D. P. Wang (2003): Transports and tidal current estimates in the Taiwan Strait from shipboard ADCP observations (1999–2001). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 57, 193–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y. H., L. Y. Chiao, K. M. M. Lwiza and D. P. Wang (2004): Analysis of flow at the gate of Taiwan Strait. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C02025, doi:10.1029/2003JC001937.

  • Weng, X. C. and C. M. Wang (1984): A preliminary study on the T-S characteristics and the origin of Taiwan Warm Current Water in summer. Studia Marina Sinica, 21, 113–134 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, C.-R. and Y.-C. Hsin (2005): Volume transport through the Taiwan Strait: A numerical study. Terres. Atmos. Oceanic Sci., 16(2), 377–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyrtki, K. (1961): Physical oceanography of the Southeast Asian Water: NAGA Report Vol. 2, Scientific Results of Marine Investigation of the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand 1959–1961. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, 195 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xue, H. J., F. Chai and M. C. Shi (2001): The loop current incursion of Kuroshio and main circulations in the northeastern South China Sea. Oceanography in China, 13, 23–38, China Ocean Press, Beijing, China (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Xue, H., F. Chai, N. Pettigrew, D. Xu, M. Shi and J. Xu (2004): Kuroshio intrusion and the circulation in the South China Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C02017, doi:10.1029/2002JC001724.

  • Ye, L. F. (1994): On the mechanism of South China Sea Warm Current and Kuroshio Branch in winter-Preliminary results of 3-D baroclinic experiments. Terrestrial, Atmosphere and Ocean Sciences, 5(4), 597–610.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, S. Y. and J. Z. Deng (1996): A primary study of winter and summer upwind flow mechanism in the northern part of the South China Sea I. Monsoon upwind flow diagnostic equations and criterions. Tropic Oceanology, 15(3), 44–51 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, S. Y. and J. Z. Deng (1998): Numerical experiments of winter upwind flow in the northern South China Sea. Tropic Oceanology, 17(1), 26–32 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, Y. C., J. L. Su and S. Y. Xia (1987): Three dimensional diagnostic calculation of circulation over the East China Sea shelf. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 6(Suppl. I.), 36–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeng, Q. C., Z. Z. Ji, R. F. Li and P. H. Ke (1985): A numerical simulation of the South China Sea current, (I) Typical mean monthly current in winter. p. 1–14. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Oil Development Environment of the China Sea, Guanzhou.

  • Zeng, Q. C., R. F. Li, Z. Z. Ji, Z. J. Gan and P. H. Ke (1989): Calculation of the monthly mean circulation in the South China Sea. Scientia Atmospherica Sinica, 13(2), 127–138 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeng, Q. C., R. F. Li, Z. Z. Ji, P. H. Ke and Z. J. Gan (1992): The simulation of monthly mean circulation of the South China Sea. p. 127–165. In Selected Papers of the Symposium on Ocean Circulation, China Ocean Press, Beijing, China (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhai, L., G. Fang and K. Wang (2004): Numerical study on the dynamics of wind driven barotropic circulation in the South China Sea. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 35(4), 289–298 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y. K., X. C. Weng, Q. L. Zhang and C. M. Wang (1992): Bottom Current in the Taiwan Strait. p. 28–40. In Selected Papers of the Symposium on Ocean Circulation, China Ocean Press, Beijing (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, B. R. and G. H. Fang (1991): Estimation of volume transports through the main straits of the East China Sea. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 8(4), 485–496.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, Q. A. (1981): The winter surface temperature pattern of the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea derived from the GMS-1 and NOAA-5 Satellite IR images. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 3(4), 523–534 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhong, H. L. (1990): Structures of the density circulation. p. 215–241. In Report of Decadal Hydrographic Series Survey of the Shelf and Adjacent Waters of the Northern South China Sea, ed. by Y. L. Ma et al., China Ocean Press, Beijing, China (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, J., C. Chen, P. Ding, C. Li and H. Lin (2004): Does the Taiwan Warm Current exist in winter?. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L12302, doi:10.1029/2004GL019997.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guohong Fang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Guan, B., Fang, G. Winter counter-wind currents off the southeastern China coast: A review. J Oceanogr 62, 1–24 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-006-0028-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-006-0028-8

Keywords

Navigation