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Reduction of nickel oxide particles by hydrogen studied in an environmental TEM

  • Energy Materials & Thermoelectrics
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In situ reduction of nickel oxide (NiO) particles is performed under 1.3 mbar of hydrogen gas (H2) in an environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM). Images, diffraction patterns and electron energy-loss spectra (EELS) are acquired to monitor the structural and chemical evolution of the system during reduction, whilst increasing the temperature. Ni nucleation on NiO is either observed to be epitaxial or to involve the formation of randomly oriented grains. The growth of Ni crystallites and the movement of interfaces result in the formation of pores within the NiO grains to accommodate the volume shrinkage associated with the reduction. Densification is then observed when the sample is nearly fully reduced. The reaction kinetics is obtained using EELS by monitoring changes in the shapes of the Ni L2,3 white lines. The activation energy for NiO reduction is calculated from the EELS data using both a physical model-fitting technique and a model-independent method. The results of the model-fitting procedure suggest that the reaction is described by Avrami models (whereby the growth and impingement of Ni domains control the reaction), in agreement with the ETEM observations.

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Acknowledgements

Support from the Swiss National Science Foundation is gratefully acknowledged (project ‘IN SItu TEm study of reduction and reoxidation of Ni(O)-ceramic composite (INSITE)’). The authors thank D. Laub for TEM sample preparation, G. Lucas for Digital Micrograph plugins, D. Alexander for useful discussions about EELS, and P. Stadelmann for help with Mathematica ® programming. The A.P. Møller and Chastine Mc-Kinney Møller Foundation is gratefully acknowledged for their contribution towards the establishment of the Center for Electron Nanoscopy in the Technical University of Denmark.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Q. Jeangros, C. Hébert & A. Hessler-Wyser

  2. Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

    T. W. Hansen, J. B. Wagner & C. D. Damsgaard

  3. Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany

    R. E. Dunin-Borkowski

  4. Industrial Energy Systems Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

    J. Van herle

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  1. Q. Jeangros
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  2. T. W. Hansen
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  3. J. B. Wagner
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  4. C. D. Damsgaard
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  5. R. E. Dunin-Borkowski
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  6. C. Hébert
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  7. J. Van herle
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  8. A. Hessler-Wyser
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Correspondence to Q. Jeangros.

Electronic supplementary material

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10853_2012_7001_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Supplementary Figure: Irradiation damage observed in the ETEM. a Creation of a Ni3O4 superstructure upon introduction of H2 gas into the ETEM when performing HRTEM. b Anisotropic erosion of NiO at a dose rate of ~ 8000 e− nm−2 s−1 at a temperature of 365 °C. c Carbon encapsulation during NiO reduction at 500 °C. d Formation of Au nanoparticles on the SiO2 film at 600 °C. (PDF 1075 kb)

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Jeangros, Q., Hansen, T.W., Wagner, J.B. et al. Reduction of nickel oxide particles by hydrogen studied in an environmental TEM. J Mater Sci 48, 2893–2907 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-7001-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-7001-2

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