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Review: current international research into cellulose nanofibres and nanocomposites

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Abstract

This paper provides an overview of recent progress made in the area of cellulose nanofibre-based nanocomposites. An introduction into the methods used to isolate cellulose nanofibres (nanowhiskers, nanofibrils) is given, with details of their structure. Following this, the article is split into sections dealing with processing and characterisation of cellulose nanocomposites and new developments in the area, with particular emphasis on applications. The types of cellulose nanofibres covered are those extracted from plants by acid hydrolysis (nanowhiskers), mechanical treatment and those that occur naturally (tunicate nanowhiskers) or under culturing conditions (bacterial cellulose nanofibrils). Research highlighted in the article are the use of cellulose nanowhiskers for shape memory nanocomposites, analysis of the interfacial properties of cellulose nanowhisker and nanofibril-based composites using Raman spectroscopy, switchable interfaces that mimic sea cucumbers, polymerisation from the surface of cellulose nanowhiskers by atom transfer radical polymerisation and ring opening polymerisation, and methods to analyse the dispersion of nanowhiskers. The applications and new advances covered in this review are the use of cellulose nanofibres to reinforce adhesives, to make optically transparent paper for electronic displays, to create DNA-hybrid materials, to generate hierarchical composites and for use in foams, aerogels and starch nanocomposites and the use of all-cellulose nanocomposites for enhanced coupling between matrix and fibre. A comprehensive coverage of the literature is given and some suggestions on where the field is likely to advance in the future are discussed.

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Notes

  1. For the sake of clarity and consistency the term “nanowhiskers” will be used to describe material hydrolysed from plants, and “nanofibrils” for material extracted by mechanical means or from native sources such as bacterial cellulose. The term “nanofibres” will be used as a general descriptor of both these sub-forms of reinforcement.

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Acknowledgements

Some of the authors wish to thank the following for allowing them to carry out their research. The EPSRC and the Malaysian government for financial support (S.J.E.). Financial support from DuPont (Young Professor Award to C.W.), the L. Stokes Cleveland VAMC Advanced Platform Technology Center (J.R.C.), an Ohio Innovation Incentive Fellowship (C.W., S.J.R., J.R.C.), the Department of Veteran’s Affairs Associate Investigator Career Development Program (J.R.C.), and the National Institute of Health through Grant R21NS053798-01 (C.W., S.J.R., J.R.C.) is gratefully acknowledged. M.I.A. thanks the financial support of the Guggenheim Foundation. M.I.A. and N.E.M. also acknowledge the financial support from CONICET (National Research Council from Argentina) and ANPCyT (National Agency for the Promotion of Science and Technology, Argentina). M.I.A. and N.E.M. thank the collaboration of Prof. M.L. Auad (Auburn University, USA). T.P. would like to thank Prof. T. Nishino (Kobe University, Japan) for his collaboration on all-cellulose composites. A.B. wishes to thank the EPSRC for funding the research through a Challenging Engineering grant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Materials Science Centre, School of Materials and the Northwest Composites Centre, Grosvenor Street, Manchester, M1 7HS, UK

    S. J. Eichhorn

  2. Grenoble Institute of Technology, The International School of Paper, Print Media & Biomaterials (Grenoble INP Pagora), BP65, 38402, Saint Martin D’Hères Cedex, France

    A. Dufresne

  3. National Institute of Research in Science and Technology of Materials (INTEMA), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Av. Juan B. Justo 4302, B7608FDQ, Mar del Plata, Argentina

    M. Aranguren & N. E. Marcovich

  4. Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland DVA Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA

    J. R. Capadona

  5. Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), 2100 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA

    S. J. Rowan

  6. Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland

    C. Weder

  7. School of Chemistry and Process and Environmental Research Division, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK

    W. Thielemans

  8. Department of Wood Science and Forest Products, Virginia Tech, 230 Cheatham Hall, 0323, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA

    M. Roman & S. Renneckar

  9. Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, BOKU-Vienna, Austria

    W. Gindl

  10. Wood K plus, Competence Centre for Wood Composites and Wood Chemistry, Linz, Austria

    S. Veigel

  11. Department of Materials Physics, Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, University of Leoben, Leoben, Austria

    J. Keckes

  12. Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan

    H. Yano, K. Abe, M. Nogi & A. N. Nakagaito

  13. Department of Wood Science and Forest Products, Virginia Tech, 248 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA

    A. Mangalam

  14. Department of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA

    J. Simonsen

  15. Departments of Chemistry & Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA

    A. S. Benight

  16. Department of Chemical Engineering, Polymer and Composite Engineering Group (PACE), Imperial College London, London, UK

    A. Bismarck

  17. Department of Fibre & Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden

    L. A. Berglund

  18. Centre for Materials Research, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK

    T. Peijs

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  1. S. J. Eichhorn
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Correspondence to S. J. Eichhorn.

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Eichhorn, S.J., Dufresne, A., Aranguren, M. et al. Review: current international research into cellulose nanofibres and nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 45, 1–33 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3874-0

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