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Blooms of the invasive ctenophore, Mnemiopsis leidyi, span the Mediterranean Sea in 2009

  • JELLYFISH BLOOMS
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Abstract

Blooms of the invasive ctenophore, Mnemiopsis leidyi, occurred in 2009 along the Mediterranean Sea coasts of Spain and Israel. This voracious zooplanktivore spread throughout the Black Sea basin after its introduction in the early 1980s, throughout northern European coastal waters, and now occurs throughout the Mediterranean Sea. M. leidyi occurred throughout the summer along the entire Catalan Spanish and Israeli coasts in 2009. Those locations had high temperatures (18–26°C) and salinities (37–38) during the blooms. The patterns of abundance of large jellyfish along the Catalan coast were unusual in 2009, with low numbers during July, August, and September when ctenophores were abundant. Small populations of those potential predators and food competitors of M. leidyi could have contributed to the ctenophore bloom. The identity of the ctenophores from Spain and Israel was confirmed as M. leidyi by molecular analysis based on DNA sequencing of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. This is the first molecular confirmation of M. leidyi in the Mediterranean Sea. Most ctenophores had an ITS genotype previously found in M. leidyi from other invaded regions (the Black, Azov, and Mediterranean seas), as well as native regions in the United States, suggesting common ancestry. Based on the circulation patterns of Mediterranean surface waters and shipping activities, we conclude that the spread of M. leidyi in the Mediterranean probably resulted from re-introductions by ballast water transport and subsequent distribution by currents. We also conclude that the near-simultaneous blooms in opposite ends of both the Mediterranean basins indicate that M. leidyi is resident around the Mediterranean. We discuss environmental conditions, food, and predators of M. leidyi in both regions that would influence the future effects of this voracious consumer on the pelagic food web of the Mediterranean Sea.

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Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to the Catalan Water Agency for funding the Medusa Project. We are indebted to all institutions collaborating with the reporting network. We thank the Haifa University Maritime Workshop for their help in collecting M. leidyi at sea; G. Yahel and the School of Marine Sciences and Marine Environment, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret Israel for provision of zooplankton abundance data; N. Drimmer at CAMERI - Coastal and Marine Engineering Research Institute Ltd. for the Israel Ports Development & Assets Company Ltd. for the sea-surface temperature data, and A. Glazer at the Israel Electric Corporation for sea-surface temperature and salinity data. All molecular work was performed in the lab of Dr. Michael N Dawson at the University of California Merced.

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  1. Keith M. Bayha

    Present address: Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd., Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut de Ciencies del Mar, CSIC, P. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain

    Verónica L. Fuentes, Dacha Atienza & Josep-Maria Gili

  2. Department of Maritime Civilizations, Leon Recanati Institute of Maritime Studies, University of Haifa, Mt Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel

    Dror L. Angel & Dor Edelist

  3. University of California Merced, School of Natural Sciences, 5200 North Lake Rd, Merced, CA, 95343, USA

    Keith M. Bayha

  4. Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain

    Cesar Bordehore

  5. Western Washington University, Shannon Point Marine Center, 1900 Shannon Point Rd, Anacortes, WA, 98221, USA

    Jennifer E. Purcell

  6. Coastal and Marine Resources Centre, University College Cork, Naval Base, Haulbowline Island, Cobh, Co. Cork, Ireland

    Jennifer E. Purcell

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  1. Verónica L. Fuentes
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Guest editors: J. E. Purcell & Dror Angel / Jellyfish Blooms: New Problems and Solutions

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Fuentes, V.L., Angel, D.L., Bayha, K.M. et al. Blooms of the invasive ctenophore, Mnemiopsis leidyi, span the Mediterranean Sea in 2009. Hydrobiologia 645, 23–37 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0205-z

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