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An Overview of Atmospheric Deposition Chemistry over the Alps: Present Status and Long-term Trends

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Abstract

Several research programs monitoring atmospheric deposition have been launched in the Alpine countries in the last few decades. This paper uses data from previous and ongoing projects to: (i) investigate geographical variability in wet deposition chemistry over the Alps; (ii) assess temporal trends of the major chemical variables in response to changes in the atmospheric emission of pollutants; (iii) discuss the potential relationship between the status of atmospheric deposition and its effects on forest ecosystems in the alpine and subalpine area, focusing particularly on nitrogen input. We also present results of studies performed at a local level on specific topics such as long-term changes in lead deposition and the role of occult deposition in total nitrogen input. The analysis performed here highlights the marked geographical variability of atmospheric deposition in the Alpine region. Apart from some evidence of geographically limited effects, due to local sources, no obvious gradients were identified in the major ion deposition. The highest ionic loads were recorded in areas in the foothills of the Alps, such as the pre-alpine area in North-Western Italy and the area of Canton Ticino, Switzerland. Trend analysis shows a widespread decrease in the acidity of precipitation in the last 15–20 years as a consequence of the reduced emission of S compounds. On the other hand, nitrate concentrations in rain have not changed so much, and ammonium has decreased significantly only at the Austrian sampling sites. The deposition of N is still well above the estimated critical loads of nutrient N at some forest sites in the alpine and subalpine areas, thus confirming the critical situation of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems regarding N inputs. Existing data highlights the importance of continuously monitoring atmospheric deposition chemistry in the Alpine area, taking account of acidifying elements, nutrients and other pollutants such as heavy metals and organic compounds. There is also a need for unifying sampling and analytical methods in order to obtain comparable data from the different regions of the Alps.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CNR Institute of Ecosystem Study, Largo Tonolli 50, 28922, Verbania Pallanza, Italy

    M. Rogora, R. Mosello, S. Arisci & M. C. Brizzio

  2. Cantonal Agency for Water Protection and Treatment, UPDA - SPAAS, 6501, Bellinzona, Cantone Ticino, Switzerland

    A. Barbieri

  3. Department of Hydrobiology Applied to Water Pollution, CNR Water Research Institute, 20047, Brugherio, Milan, Italy

    R. Balestrini

  4. Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

    P. Waldner, M. Schmitt, M. Stähli & A. Thimonier

  5. Institute of Analytical Chemistry (IAC), Vienna University of Technology, 1060, Vienna, Austria

    M. Kalina & H. Puxbaum

  6. Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria

    U. Nickus

  7. Office National des Forêts, 77300, Fontainebleau, France

    E. Ulrich

  8. Laboratoire des Mécanismes et Transferts en Géologie (LMTG), UMR 5563, CNRS/IRD/UPS, 38, rue des 36 Ponts, 31400, Toulouse, France

    A. Probst

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  1. M. Rogora
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  2. R. Mosello
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  3. S. Arisci
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  4. M. C. Brizzio
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  8. M. Schmitt
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  9. M. Stähli
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  10. A. Thimonier
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  11. M. Kalina
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  12. H. Puxbaum
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  13. U. Nickus
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  14. E. Ulrich
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  15. A. Probst
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Rogora, M., Mosello, R., Arisci, S. et al. An Overview of Atmospheric Deposition Chemistry over the Alps: Present Status and Long-term Trends. Hydrobiologia 562, 17–40 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-1803-z

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