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Monitoring and risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in agricultural soil from two industrialized areas

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Abstract

For monitoring and risk assessment, levels and distributions of Σ29 PCBs in paddy soil samples collected from Gwangyang (10 sites) and Ulsan (20 sites), heavily industrialized cities in Korea, were investigated using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. Overall, total concentrations of Σ29 PCBs in Gwangyang (216.4–978.6 pg g−1 dw) and Ulsan (273.8–1824.1 pg g−1 dw) were higher than those (106.6–222.6 pg g−1 dw) in agricultural soil from Anseong in Korea. The TEQ (toxic equivalency) values from Gwangyang (0.06–0.40 ng TEQ kg−1 dw) and Ulsan (0.06–0.22 ng TEQ kg−1 dw) were higher than those (0.04–0.11 ng TEQ kg−1 dw) in Anseong but lower than the WHO threshold level (20 ng TEQ kg−1). However, one of the most toxic congeners, PCB 126, gave the highest concentration, possibly posing a risk to the biota. Seven indicator PCB congeners contributed to 50–80% of the total concentration of Σ29 PCBs, indicating the 7 PCBs can be used as valuable indicators for monitoring. The principal component analysis and cluster analysis for the homologue profiles of PCBs indicated that all the samples from both cities had the similar PCB contamination patterns, and the major sources of the PCB contamination were most likely from the usage of Aroclor 1254 than those of Aroclors 1242 and 1260. These PCB technical mixtures were possibly significantly used by various industries including iron and steel industries in Gwangyang and petrochemical and shipbuilding industries in Ulsan.

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Acknowledgements

This research was carried out under the Cooperative Research Program for Agricultural Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ010922032015), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

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Author notes

  1. Leesun Kim and Jin-Woo Jeon have contributed equally to this paper as first author.

    Sung-Deuk Choi and Sung-Eun Lee have contributed equally to this paper as corresponding author.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea

    Leesun Kim, Hwang-Ju Jeon, Tae-Hoon Nam & Sung-Eun Lee

  2. School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea

    Jin-Woo Jeon, Ji-Young Son, Min-Kyu Park & Sung-Deuk Choi

  3. UNIST Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea

    Chul-Su Kim & Sung-Deuk Choi

  4. Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, 50834, Republic of Korea

    Kyeongsoon Kim

  5. Chemical Safety Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54875, Republic of Korea

    Byung-Jun Park

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  1. Leesun Kim
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Correspondence to Sung-Eun Lee.

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Kim, L., Jeon, JW., Son, JY. et al. Monitoring and risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in agricultural soil from two industrialized areas. Environ Geochem Health 39, 279–291 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-9920-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-9920-y

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