Abstract
We briefly discuss the origin and development of WordNet, a large lexical database for English. We outline its design and contents as well as its usefulness for Natural Language Processing. Finally, we discuss crosslinguistic WordNets and complementary lexical resources.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Notes
Mihalcea and Moldovan (2001) disambiguated the glosses automatically.
See the WordNet bibliography for a list of relevant publications: http://lit.csci.unt.edu/∼wordnet/
References
Boyd-Graber, J., Fellbaum, C., Osherson, D., & Schapire, R. (2006). Adding dense, weighted, connections to WordNet. In P. Sojka, K-S. Choi, C. Fellbaum & P. Vossen (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third International WordNet Conference (pp. 29–36). Brno: Masaryk University.
Cruse, D.A. (1986). Lexical semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fellbaum, C. (Ed.) (1998). WordNet: An electronic lexical database. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Fellbaum, C., & Miller, G.A. (2003). Morphosemantic links in WordNet. Traitement automatique de langue, 44(2), 69–80.
Fellbaum, C., & Vossen, P. (2007). Connecting the universal to the specific. In T. Ishida, S. R. Fussell & P.T. J. M. Vossen (Eds.), Intercultural collaboration: First international workshop, lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 4568, pp. 1–16). New York: Springer.
Gangemi A., Guarino N., Masolo C., & Oltramari A. (2003). Sweetening WordNet with DOLCE. AI Magazine 24(3), 13–24.
Ide, N., Reppen, R., & Suderman, K. (2002). The American national corpus: More than the web can provide. In Proceedings of the Third LREC Conference, Spain.
Katz, J. J., & Fodor J. A. (1963). The structure of a semantic theory. Language, 39(2), 120–210.
Levin, B. (1993). English verb classes and alternations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mihalcea, R., & Moldovan, R. (2001). eXtended WordNet: Progress report. Proceedings of the NAACL Workshop on WordNet and Other Lexical Resources (pp. 95–100).
Miller, G. A. (Ed.) (1990). WordNet. Special Issue of the International Journal of Lexicography 3(4).
Miller, G. A. (1995). WordNet: A lexical database for english. Communications of the ACM, 38, 39–41.
Miller, G. A., & Hristea, F. (2006). WordNet nouns: Classes and instances. Computational Linguistics, 32(1), 1–3.
Niles, I., & Pease, A. (2001). Towards a standard upper ontology. In Proceedings of FOIS–2 (pp. 2–9). Maine: Ogunquit.
Niles, I., & Pease, A. (2003). Linking lexicons and ontologies: Mapping WordNet to the suggested upper merged ontology. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Knowledge Engineering (pp. 5–6).
Palmer, M., Gildea, D., & Kingsbury, P. (2005). The proposition bank: A corpus annotated with semantic roles. Computational Linguistics, 31(1), 71–106.
Pustejovsky, J., Castaño, J., Ingria, R., Saurí, R., Gaizauskas, R., Setzer, A., & Katz, G. (2003). TimeML: Robust specification of event and temporal expressions in text. In Proceedings of IWCS-5, Fifth International Workshop on Computational Semantics.
Rappaport, M. H., & Levin, B. (1998). Building verb meanings. In M. Butt & W. Geuder (Eds.), The projection of arguments, Stanford (pp. 97–134). CA: CSLI.
Ruppenhofer, J., Baker, C.F., & Fillmore, C. (2002). The FrameNet database and software tools. In A. Braasch & C. Povlsen (Eds.), Proceedings of the Tenth Euralex International Congress (pp. 371–375). Copenhagen: Denmark.
Talmy, L. (1985). Lexicalization patterns: Semantic structure in lexical form. In T. Shopen (Ed.), Language typology and syntactic description (pp. 57–149). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tufis, D. (Ed.) (2004). The BalkaNet project. Special Issue of the Romanian Journal of Information Science and Technology 7.
Vossen, P. (Ed.) (1998). EuroWordNet. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Wierzbicka, A. (1996). Semantics: Primes and universals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, T., Wiebe, J., & Hwa, R. (2006). Recognizing strong and weak opinion clauses. Computational Intelligence 22(2), 73–99.
Woods, W. A. (1975). What’s in a link: Foundations for semantic networks. In D. G. Bobrow & A. Collins (Eds.), Representation and understanding: Studies in cognitive science (pp. 35–82). New York: Academic Press.
Acknowledgments
Many people have contributed to WordNet’s development over the years. Among them are Katherine Miller, Derek Gross, Randee Tengi, Ben Haskell, Helen Langone, Claudia Leacock, Martin Chodorow, Susanne Wolff, Suzyn Berger, Richard Beckwith, Pam Wakefield. WordNet’s development has been sponsored by the McDonnell Foundation, ARI, ONR, DARPA, ARPA, the Mellon Foundation, ARDA/DTO, and the NSF.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Miller, G.A., Fellbaum, C. WordNet then and now. Lang Resources & Evaluation 41, 209–214 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-007-9044-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-007-9044-6