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Prostaglandin E2 EP receptors as therapeutic targets in breast cancer

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Abstract

Prostaglandins are lipid compounds that mediate many physiological effects. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the most abundant prostanoid in the human body, and synthesis of PGE2 is driven by cyclooxygenase enzymes including COX-2. Both elevated expression of COX-2 and increased PGE2 levels have been associated with many cancers including breast cancer. PGE2 exerts its effect by binding to the E series of prostaglandin receptors (EP) which are G protein-coupled receptors. Four EP receptor subtypes exist, EP1–4, and each is coupled to different intracellular signaling pathways. As downstream effectors of the COX-2 pathway, EP receptors have been shown to play a role in breast and other malignancies and in cancer metastasis. The role of each EP receptor in malignant behavior is complex and involves the interplay of EP receptor signaling on the tumor cell, on stromal cells, and on host immune effector cells. While preclinical and epidemiological data support the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXibs) for the prevention and treatment of malignancy, toxicities due to COXibs as well as less than promising results from clinical trials have laboratories seeking alternative targets. As knowledge concerning the role of EP receptors in cancer grows, so does the potential for exploiting EP receptors as therapeutic targets for the treatment or prevention of cancer and cancer metastasis.

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Acknowledgments

This work is supported by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, United States Department of Defense, United States Department of Veteran Affairs, and Susan G. Komen for the Cure.

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  1. University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 655 W. Baltimore, St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA

    Jocelyn Reader & Amy Fulton

  2. Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA

    Jocelyn Reader, Dawn Holt & Amy Fulton

  3. Baltimore Veterans Administration, Baltimore, USA

    Amy Fulton

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  1. Jocelyn Reader
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Reader, J., Holt, D. & Fulton, A. Prostaglandin E2 EP receptors as therapeutic targets in breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 30, 449–463 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-011-9303-2

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