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Genetic Susceptibility to Prostate Cancer: Prostate-specific Antigen and its Interaction with the Androgen Receptor (United States)

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Abstract

Objective To determine whether directly observed prostate-specific antigen (PSA) promoter diploid haplotype, either alone or in conjunction with androgen receptor (AR) genotype, is associated with prostate cancer risk.

Methods We conducted a case–control study nested within the US population-based Cardiovascular Health Study cohort. Incident prostate cancers were identified by linkage to cancer registry records for the years 1989–2000. We genotyped 193 cases and 391 controls for the PSA −252 G/A and −158 G/A SNPs and the AR CAG microsatellite, and developed methods to directly determine proximal PSA promoter haplotypes. Exact logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and significance levels.

Results No significant associations were observed between PSA diplotype and prostate cancer overall. Short (<20) AR CAG repeat lengths were associated with modest increases in the risk of prostate cancer (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 0.97–2.19; p = 0.071) that were significant for advanced disease (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.02–3.26; p = 0.044). Men who possessed two copies of the PSA*2 (−252G/−158G) haplotype and short AR CAG repeat lengths had a 4-fold (95% CI, 1.05–20.75; exact p = 0.040) increased risk of prostate cancer, and a 7-fold (95% CI, 1.25–39.78; exact p = 0.026) increased risk of advanced disease.

Conclusions We found evidence that the PSA*2*2 diplotype in combination with short AR CAG alleles increases a man’s risk of developing prostate cancer. These findings support an etiologic role in prostate cancer of genetic interactions between polymorphisms that increase AR transactivation strength and those that alter the regulatory regions of target genes such as PSA that are responsive to androgen stimulation.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. Noel S. Weiss for his input into the study design and helpful comments on this manuscript. We also wish to acknowledge Cindy Shephard, Keith Thunstedt, and Jasmine Wilkerson for their laboratory work and Dr. David Yanez for his assistance with the matching procedure. The Cardiovascular Health Study <http://www.chs-nhlbi.org> provided all of the subjects and specimens for this project. Cancer incidence data were supplied by the California Cancer Registry, North Carolina Central Cancer Registry, Pennsylvania Bureau of Health Statistics, Maryland Cancer Registry, and Johns Hopkins Training Center for Public Health Research; these institutions specifically disclaim responsibility for any analyses, interpretations, or conclusions expressed herein. This research was supported by NCI grants R03-CA-92706 and T32-CA-09168; NHLBI contracts N01-HC-85079 through N01-HC-85086, N01-HC-35129, and N01 HC-15103; and NIEHS center grant P30-ES07033.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357720, Seattle, WA, 98195-7720, USA

    Weiva Sieh, Karen L. Edwards & Annette L. Fitzpatrick

  2. Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Sengkeo L. Srinouanprachanh, Fred M. Farin & David L. Eaton

  3. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Stephanie A. Monks & Richard A. Kronmal

  4. Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA

    Stephanie A. Monks

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  1. Weiva Sieh
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Correspondence to Weiva Sieh.

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Sieh, W., Edwards, K.L., Fitzpatrick, A.L. et al. Genetic Susceptibility to Prostate Cancer: Prostate-specific Antigen and its Interaction with the Androgen Receptor (United States). Cancer Causes Control 17, 187–197 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-005-0454-8

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