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Invaded range of the blackberry pathogen Phragmidium violaceum in the Pacific Northwest of the USA and the search for its provenance

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Abstract

Field surveys in 2006 confirmed that the exotic rust fungus Phragmidium violaceum was widespread on Rubus armeniacus and Rubus laciniatus in the Pacific Northwest of the USA. The origin and dispersal pattern of this obligate biotrophic pathogen in the USA were investigated by comparing the genetic diversity and structure of 27 isolates each from the USA and Europe, and 20 isolates from Australia where an invasion occurred in 1984. Analysis of 11 microsatellite loci revealed 74 unique genotypes, with the European population having a significantly higher level of allelic diversity and number of private alleles compared to populations from the USA and Australia. Principal coordinate analysis (PCA), analysis of molecular variance and pairwise comparisons of Φ confirmed a strong level of differentiation among continental populations, with little divergence between isolates from the USA and Europe, but a high level of differentiation between these isolates and those from Australia. These results were broadly supported by the Bayesian cluster analysis, which indicated that at K = 3 the clustering of the isolates corresponds to their geographic origin. Bayesian clustering, PCA as well as insignificant migration estimates from Europe to the USA suggest that the USA population is not a direct descendant from the European P. violaceum population. There was a weak association between genetic and geographic distance among the USA isolates, suggesting invasion was initially localized prior to dispersal or that the population may have been present for some time prior to first detection in 2005.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Mireille Jourdan (CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Montpellier) for providing the European isolates of P. violaceum used in the study, Patricia Wallace and Andrew Albrecht (USDA-ARS, Corvallis, Oregon) for assistance in collecting the USA isolates, and Diana Hartley (CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra) for helpful guidance and discussion. We also thank Dr Wee Tek Tay (CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra) and Dr Niklaus Grünwald (USDA-ARS Horticulture Crops Research Unit Corvallis, OR), for comments on an earlier draft of the paper. Financial support from the Australian Government, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry and USDA ARS Specific Cooperative Agreement 58-5358-5-793, which was awarded through the Northwest Center for Small Fruits Research, and USDA-ARS CRIS 5358-22000-034-00 is gratefully acknowledged. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the United States Department of Agriculture or the Agricultural Research Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia

    Louise Morin & Don R. Gomez

  2. Perennial Horticulture Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, 13 St Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia

    Katherine J. Evans

  3. Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA

    Tara M. Neill & Walt F. Mahaffee

  4. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA

    Walt F. Mahaffee

  5. Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Bldg. 116, Daley rd, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia

    Celeste C. Linde

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  1. Louise Morin
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Correspondence to Louise Morin.

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Morin, L., Gomez, D.R., Evans, K.J. et al. Invaded range of the blackberry pathogen Phragmidium violaceum in the Pacific Northwest of the USA and the search for its provenance. Biol Invasions 15, 1847–1861 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0413-3

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