Abstract
This study examined the body weight and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) preferences of “fat admirers” (FAs), that is, individuals who are sexually attracted to heavier partners. Fifty-six heterosexual men involved in the FA community rated a series of line drawings that varied in three levels of body weight and six of WHR for physical attractiveness and health. The results showed significant main effects of body weight and WHR, as well as a significant body weight × WHR interaction for both health ratings. In general, there was a preference for heavyweight figures and high WHRs for ratings of attractiveness and normal-weight figures and mid-ranging WHRs for ratings of health. Limitations of the study and explanations for fat admiration are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Bray (1998) defined five BMI categories: emaciated (below 15 kg/m²), under-weight (15–18.5 kg/m²), normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m²), overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m²) and obese (over 30 kg/m²). It should be noted that some fat acceptance authors reject the term “obese,” as it is considered to stigmatize fat (e.g., Schroeder, 1992; Wann, 1999). In the present study, we have maintained the term “obese” to specifically represent individuals with a BMI over 30 kg/m2.
References
Bergeron, S. M., & Senn, C. Y. (1998). Body image and sociocultural norms: A comparison of heterosexual and lesbian women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22, 385–401.
Berscheid, E., Dion, K., Walster, E., & Walster, G. W. (1973). Physical attractiveness and dating choice: A test of the matching hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7, 173–189.
Blank, H. (2000). Big big love. San Francisco, CA: Greenery Press.
Blickenstorfer, C. H. (Ed.). (1996, February). Dimensions: Where big is beautiful. Dimensions, 12.
Bray, G. A. (1998). What is the ideal body weight? Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 9, 489–492.
Brown, L. S. (1987). Lesbians, weight and eating: New analyses and perspectives. In Boston Lesbian Psychologies Collective (Eds.), Lesbian psychologies: Explorations and challenges (pp. 294–309). Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Bunzl, M. (2005). Chasers. In D. Kulick & A. Meneley (Eds.), Fat: The anthropology of an obsession (pp. 199–210). New York: Jemery P. Tarcher/Penguin.
Buss, D. (1999). Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Buss, D., & Schmitt, P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100, 204–232.
Calle, E. D., Rodriguez, C., Walker-Thurmond, K., & Thun, M. J. (2003). Overweight, obesity and mortality from cancer in a prospectively-studied cohort of US adults. New England Journal of Obesity, 348, 1625–1638.
Ellin, A. (2006, November 26). Big people on campus. New York Times (Sunday Styles), p. 1.
Fabrey, W. (1972, August–September). NAAFA men: Who are they and why aren’t there more of them? NAAFA Newsletter, 2, 2–3.
Fabrey, W. (1980, March–April). The singles scene: NAAFA style. NAAFA Newsletter, 8, 5.
Fabrey, W. (1982, January–April). COB’s corner: Sex at conventions. NAAFA Newsletter, 9, 13.
Furnham, A., & Alibhai, N. (1983). Cross-cultural differences in the perception of female body-shapes. Psychological Medicine, 13, 829–837.
Furnham, A., & Baguma, P. (1994). Cross-cultural differences in the evaluation of male and female body shapes. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 15, 81–89.
Furnham, A., Petrides, K. V., & Constantinides, A. (2005). The effects of body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio on ratings of female attractiveness, fecundity and health. Personality & Individual Differences, 38, 1823–1834.
Furnham, A., Swami, V., & Shah, K. (2006). Female body correlates of attractiveness and other ratings. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 443–454.
Gates, K. (2000). Deviant desires: Incredibly strange sex. New York: Juno Books.
Goode, E., & Preisler, J. (1983). The fat admirer. Deviant Behavior, 4, 175–202.
Henss, R. (2000). Waist-to-hip ratio and female attractiveness. Evidence from photographic stimuli and methodological considerations. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 501–513.
Howell, D. C. (2001). Statistical methods for psychology (5th ed.). London: Wadsworth.
Kulick, D. (2005). Porn. In D. Kulick & A. Meneley (Eds.), Fat: The anthropology of an obsession (pp. 77–92). New York: Jemery P. Tarcher/Penguin.
Levesque, M. J., & Vichesky, D. R. (2006). Raising the bar on the body beautiful: An analysis of the body image concerns on homosexual men. Body Image, 3, 45–55.
Lowenstein, L. F. (2002). Fetishes and their associated behavior. Sexuality and Disability, 20, 135–147.
Marlowe, F., & Wetsman, A. (2001). Preferred waist-to-hip ratio and ecology. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 481–489.
Massie, H., & Szajnberg, N. (1997). The ontogeny of a sexual fetish from birth to age 30 and memory processes: A research case report from a prospective longitudinal study. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 78, 755–771.
Mayer, K. (1993). Real women don’t diet! Silver Spring, MD: Bartleby Press.
Monaghan, L. F. (2005). Big handsome men, bears and others: Virtual constructions of ‘fat male embodiment. Body and Society, 11, 81–111.
Nelson, L. D., & Morrison, E. L. (2005). The symptoms of resource scarcity: Judgements of food and finances influence preference for potential partners. Psychological Science, 16, 167–173.
Penton-Voak, I. S., Perrett, D. I., & Pierce, J. (1999). Computer graphic studies of the role of facial similarity in attractiveness judgements. Current Psychology, 18, 104–117.
Plaud, J. J., & Martini, J. R. (1999). The respondent conditioning of male sexual arousal. Behavior Modification, 23, 254–268.
Puhl, R. M., & Brownell, K. D. (2003). Psychosocial origins of obesity stigma: Toward changing a powerful and pervasive bias. Obesity Reviews, 4, 213–227.
Saguy, A. C. (2002). Sex, inequality and ethnography: Response to Erich Goode. Qualitative Sociology, 25, 549–556.
Schmalt, H. -D. (2006). Waist-to-hip ratio and female physical attractiveness: The moderating role of power motivation and the mating context. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 455–465.
Schroeder, C. (1992). Fat is not a four-letter word. Minneapolis, MN: Chronimed Publishing.
Singh, D. (1993). Adaptive significance of female physical attractiveness: Role of waist-to-hip ratio. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 292–307.
Smith S. E. (Ed.). (1995). Size acceptance and self-acceptance. The NAAFA workbook: A complete study guide (2nd ed.). Sacramento, CA: NAAFA.
Steele, V. (1995). Fetish: Fashion, sex and power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Streeter, S. A., & McBurney, D. (2003). Waist-hip ratio and attractiveness: New evidence and a critique for a ‘critical test’. Evolution and Human Behavior, 24, 88–98.
Sugiyama, L. S. (2004). Is beauty in the context-sensitive adaptations of the beholder? Shiwiar use of waist-to-hip ratio in assessments of female mate value. Evolution and Human Behavior, 25, 51–62.
Susanne, C., & Lepage, Y. (1988). Assortative mating for anthropometric characteristics. In C. Mascie-Taylor & A. Boyce (Eds.), Human mating patterns (pp. 137–159). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Swami, V., Antonakopoulos, N., Tovée, M. J., & Furnham, A. (2006). A critical test of the waist-to-hip ratio hypothesis of female physical attractiveness in Britain and Greece. Sex Roles, 54, 201–211.
Swami, V., & Furnham, A. (2006). The science of attraction. The Psychologist, 19, 362–365.
Swami, V., Poulogianni, K., & Furnham, A. (2006). The influence of resource availability on preferences for human body weight and non-human objects. Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis, 4, 17–28.
Swami, V., & Tovée, M. J. (2005). Female physical attractiveness in Britain and Malaysia: A cross-cultural study. Body Image, 2, 115–128.
Swami, V., & Tovée, M. J. (2005). Male physical attractiveness in Britain and Malaysia: A cross-cultural study. Body Image, 2, 383–393.
Swami, V., & Tovée, M. J. (2006). Does hunger influence judgements of female physical attractiveness? British Journal of Psychology, 97, 353–363.
Swami, V., & Tovée, M. J. (2006). The influence of body weight on the physical attractiveness preferences of feminist and non-feminist heterosexual women and lesbians. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, 252–257.
Swami, V., & Tovée, M. J. (2007). Perceptions of female body weight and shape among indigenous and urban Europeans. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48, 43–50.
Tassinary, L. G., & Hansen, K. A. (1998). A critical test of the waist-to-hip ratio hypothesis of female physical attractiveness. Psychological Science, 9, 150–155.
Tovée, M. J., Emery, J. L., & Cohen-Tovée, E. M. (2000). The estimation of body mass index and physical attractiveness is dependent on the observer’s own body mass index. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 267, 1987–1997.
Tovée M. J., Hancock P., Mahmoodi S., Singleton B. R. R., & Cornelissen, P. L. (2002). Human female attractiveness: Waveform analysis of body shape. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 269, 2205–2213.
Tovée M. J., Maisey D. S., Emery J. L., & Cornelissen, P. L. (1999). Visual cues to female physical attractiveness. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 266, 211–218.
Tovée, M. J., Reinhardt, S., Emery, J., & Cornelissen, P. (1998). Optimum body-mass index and maximum sexual attractiveness. Lancet, 352, 548.
Tovée, M. J., Swami, V., Furnham, A., & Mangalparsad, R. (2006). Changing perceptions of attractiveness as observers are exposed to a different culture. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27, 443–456.
Wachtel, K. (1976, March–April). Some social implications of ridicule. NAAFA Newsletter, 5, 1,4.
Wann, M. (1999). FAT!SO?: Because you don’t have to apologize for your size. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press.
Wetsman, A., & Marlowe, F. (1999). How universal are preferences for female waist-to-hip ratios? Evidence from the Hadza of Tanzania. Evolution and Human Behavior, 20, 219–228.
Wilson, J. M. B., Tripp, D. A., & Boland, F. J. (2005). The relative contributions of waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index to judgements of attractiveness. Sexualities, Evolution and Gender, 7, 245–267.
Yu, D. W., & Shepard, G. H. (1998). Is beauty in the eye of the beholder? Nature, 396, 321–322.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful for the critical and insightful comments of the Editor and three anonymous reviewers on an earlier version of this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Swami, V., Furnham, A. Big and Beautiful: Attractiveness and Health Ratings of the Female Body by Male “Fat Admirers”. Arch Sex Behav 38, 201–208 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9200-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9200-5