Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Latinos and HIV/AIDS: Examining Factors Related to Disparity and Identifying Opportunities for Psychosocial Intervention Research

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
AIDS and Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Latinos maintain an AIDS case rate more than 3 times higher than whites, a greater rate of progression to AIDS, and a higher rate of HIV/AIDS-related deaths. Three broad areas are reviewed related to these disparities: (1) relevant demographic, socioeconomic, and socio-cultural factors among Latinos; (2) drug abuse and mental health problems in Latinos relevant to HIV/AIDS outcomes; and (3) opportunities for psychosocial intervention. Latinos living with HIV are a rapidly growing group, are more severely impacted by HIV than whites, and confront unique challenges in coping with HIV/AIDS. A body of research suggests that depression, substance abuse, treatment adherence, health literacy, and access to healthcare may be fruitful targets for intervention research in this population. Though limited, the current literature suggests that psychosocial interventions that target these factors could help reduce HIV/AIDS disparities between Latinos and whites and could have important public health value.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. We use ‘Latino’ as a more inclusive term than ‘Hispanic’, which places an undue emphasis on the European influence of Spanish colonialism. We recognize that there is debate about this terminology and discuss this in more detail below. Also, we recognize that the term ‘non-Hispanic white’ is useful for differentiating whites that do not have a Latino background from other Latinos, who may be of any race. However, we use the term ‘white’ in this review when referring to ‘non-Hispanic whites.’

References

  • Ad Hoc Committee on Health Literacy for the Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. (1999). Health literacy: Report of the council on scientific affairs. JAMA, 281(6), 552–557. doi:10.1001/jama.281.6.552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adimora, A. A., Schoenbach, V. J., & Doherty, I. A. (2007). Concurrent sexual partnerships among men in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 2230–2237. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.099069.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alegria, M., Page, J. B., Hansen, H., Cauce, A. M., Robles, R., Blanco, C., et al. (2006). Improving drug treatment services for Hispanics: Research gaps and scientific opportunities. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 84S, S76–S84. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.05.009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aloisi, M. S., Arici, C., Balzano, R., Noto, P., Piscopo, R., Filice, G., et al. (2002). Behavioral correlates of adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 31, S145–S148.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amaro, H., Arevalo, S., Gonzalez, G., Szapocznik, J., & Iguchi, M. Y. (2006). Need and scientific opportunities for research on substance abuse treatment among Hispanic adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependencies, 84, S64–75. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.05.008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amaro, H., Raj, A., Vega, R. R., Mangione, T. W., & Perez, L. N. (2001). Racial/ethnic disparities in the HIV and substance abuse epidemics: Communities responding to the need. Public Health Reports, 116, 434–448.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R. N., & Smith, B. L. (2002). Deaths: Leading causes for 2002. National Vital Statistics Report 2005, 53, 56. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr53/nvsr53_17.pdf. Retrieved on May 7th, 2007.

  • Antoni, M. H., Carrico, A. W., Duran, R. E., Spitzer, S., Penedo, F., Ironson, G., et al. (2006). Randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioral stress management on human immunodeficiency virus viral load in gay men treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 143–151. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000195749.60049.63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antoni, M. H., Ironson, G., & Schneiderman, N. (2007). Cognitive-Behavioral Stress Management for individuals living with HIV: Facilitator Guide. New York City: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Areán, P. A., Ayalon, L., Hunkeler, E., Lin, E., Tang, L., Harpole, L., et al. (2005). Improving depression care for older, minority patients in primary care. Medical Care, 43, 381–390. doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000156852.09920.b1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aruffo, J. F., Coverdale, J. H., & Vallbona, C. (1991). AIDS knowledge in low-income and minority populations. Public Health Reports, 106, 115–119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bangsberg, D. R., Hecht, F. M., Charlebois, E. D., Zolopa, A. R., Holodniy, M., Sheiner, L., et al. (2000). Adherence to protease inhibitors, HIV-1 viral load, and development of drug resistance in an indigent population. AIDS, 14, 357–366. doi:10.1097/00002030-200003100-00008.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Billy, J. O., Tanfer, K., Grady, W. R., & Klepinger, D. H. (1993). The sexual behavior of men in the United States. Family Planning Perspectives, 25, 52–60. doi:10.2307/2136206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bing, E. G., Burnam, M. A., Longshore, D., Fleishman, J. A., Sherbourne, C. D., London, A. S., et al. (2001). Psychiatric disorders and drug use among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 721–728. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.8.721.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blankenship, K. M., Smoyer, A. B., Bray, S. J., & Mattocks, K. (2005). Black-white disparities in HIV/AIDS: The role of drug policy and the corrections system. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 16, 140–156. doi:10.1353/hpu.2005.0110.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borowsky, S. J., Rubenstein, L. V., Meredith, L. S., Camp, P., Jackson-Triche, M., & Wells, K. B. (2000). Who is at risk of nondetection of mental health problems in primary care? Journal of Internal Medicine, 15, 381–388.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carrico, A. W., Antoni, M. H., Duran, R. E., Ironson, G., Penedo, F., Fletcher, M. A., et al. (2006). Reductions in depressed mood and denial coping during cognitive behavioral stress management with HIV-positive gay men treated with HAART. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 31, 155–164. doi:10.1207/s15324796abm3102_7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carrico, A. W., Antoni, M. H., Pereira, D. B., Fletcher, M. A., Klimas, N., Lechner, S. C., et al. (2005). Cognitive behavioral stress management effects on mood, social support, and a marker of antiviral immunity are maintained up to 1 year in HIV-positive gay men. Internal Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 218–226. doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm1204_2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro, F. G., & Tafoya-Barraza, H. M. (1997). Treatment issues with Latinos addicted to cocaine and heroin. In J. G. Garcia & M. C. Zea (Eds.), Psychological interventions and research with Latino populations (pp. 191–216). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catz, S. L., Kelly, J. A., Bogart, L. M., Benotsch, E. G., & McAuliffe, T. L. (2000). Patterns, correlates, and barriers to medication adherence among persons prescribed new treatments for HIV disease. Health Psychology, 19, 124–133. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.2.124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1992). National HIV Serosurveillance Summary Results, 3, 19.

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2001). HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, Year-End Edition, 13, 1–44.

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2001). No turning back: Addressing the HIV crisis among men who have sex with men.

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). Cases of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States by race/ethnicity, 2000–2004. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Supplemental Report 2006, 12(1). Also available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/index.htm.

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2007). HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report 2005 (Vol. 17, Rev ed.). Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Also available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports.

  • Chesney, M. A., Ickovics, J. R., Chambers, D. B., Gifford, A. L., Neidig, J., Zwick, D. B. (2000). Self-reported adherence to antiretroviral medications among participants in HIV clinical trials: The AACTG adherence instruments. AIDS Care, 12, 255–266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54, 805–816. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.805.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colon, H. M., Robles, R. R., Freeman, D., & Matos, T. (1993). Effects of a HIV risk reduction education program among injection drug users in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal, 12, 27–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Comas-Diaz, L. (1981). Effects of cognitive and behavioral group treatment on the depressive symptomatology of Puerto Rican women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 627–632. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.49.5.627.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, J. A., Cohen, M. H., Burke, J., Grey, D., Anastos, K., Kirstein, L., et al. (2002). Effects of depressive symptoms and mental health quality of life on use of highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-seropositive women. Journal of Acquired Immunie Deficiency Syndromes, 30, 401–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, J. A., Grey, D., Burke, J., Cohen, M. H., Gurtman, A. C., Richardson, J. L., et al. (2004). Depressive symptoms and AIDS-related mortality among a multisite cohort of HIV-positive women. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 1133–1140.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crepaz, N., & Marks, G. (2001). Are negative affective states associated with HIV sexual risk behaviors/A meta-analytic review. Health Psychology, 20, 291–299. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.20.4.291.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Day, D. (2003). The spread of drug-related AIDS and Hepatitic C among African Americans and Latinos. (Health Emergency) Princeton, NJ: The Dogwood Center.

  • DeNavas-Walt, C., Proctor, B., & Lee, C. H. (2005). Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States (U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports 60–231). Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

  • Díaz, R. M. (1998). Latino gay men and HIV: Culture, sexuality, and risk behavior. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Díaz, R. M., & Ayala, G. (1999). Love, Passion, and rebellion: Ideologies of HIV risk among Latino gay men in the USA. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 1, 277–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Díaz, R. M., Ayala, G., & Bein, E. (2004). Sexual risk as an outcome of social oppression: Data from a probability sample of Latino gay men in three U.S. cities. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10, 256–267. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.10.3.255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Díaz, R. M., Ayala, G., Bein, E., Henne, J., & Marín, B. V. (2001). The impact of homophobia, poverty, and racism on the mental health of gay and bisexual men: Findings from 3 U.S. cities. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 927–932.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Díaz, R. M., Stall, R. D., Hoff, C., Diagle, D., & Coates, T. J. (1996). HIV risk among Latino gay men in the Southwestern United States. AIDS Education and Prevention, 8, 415–429.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DiClemente, R. J., Boyer, C. B., & Morales, E. S. (1988). Minorities and AIDS: Knowledge, attitudes, and misconceptions among black and Latino adolescents. American Journal of Public Health, 78, 55–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DiMatteo, M. R., Lepper, H. S., & Groghan, T. W. (2000). Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: Meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160, 2101–2107. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.14.2101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dolezal, C., Carballo-Dieguez, A., Nieves-Rosa, L., & Diaz, F. (2000). Substance use and sexual risk behavior: Understanding their association among four ethnic groups of Latino men who have sex with men. Journal of Substance Abuse, 11, 323–336. doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(00)00030-4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durán, R. Stoelb, B., Bedoya, C.A., Antoni, M., & Schneiderman, N. (2006). Adapting a manualized group intervention for Spanish-speaking adults living with HIV: El Proyecto ARMESE. Paper presented at the annual American Group Psychotherapy Association meeting. San Francisco, CA.

  • Dushay, R. A., Singer, M., Weeks, M. R., Rohena, L., & Gruber, R. (2001). Lowering HIV risk among ethnic minority drug users: Comparing culturally targeted intervention to a standard intervention. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 27, 501–524. doi:10.1081/ADA-100104515.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elder, J. P., Candelaria, J. I., Woodruff, S. I., Criqui, M. H., Talavera, G. A., & Rupp, J. W. (2000). Results of language for health: Cardiovascular disease nutrition education for Latino English-as-a-second-language students. Health Education and Behavior, 27, 50–63. doi:10.1177/109019810002700106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flores, G. (2000). Culture and the patient-physician relationship: Achieving cultural competency in health care. The Journal of Pediatrics, 136, 14–23. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(00)90043-X.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fogarty, L., Roter, D., Larson, S., Burke, J., Gillespie, J., & Levy, R. (2002). Patient adherence to HIV medication regimens: A review of published and abstract reports. Patient Education Counsel, 46, 93–108. doi:10.1016/S0738-3991(01)00219-1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gazmararian, J. A., Baker, D. W., Williams, M. V., Parker, R. M., Scott, T. L., Green, D. C., et al. (1999). Health literacy among medicare enrollees in a managed care organization. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 545–551. doi:10.1001/jama.281.6.545.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gebo, K. A., Keruly, J., & Moore, R. D. (2003). Association of social stress, illicit drug use, and health beliefs with nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 18, 104–111. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.10801.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gifford, A. L., Bormann, J. E., Shively, M. J., Wright, B. C., Richman, D. D., & Bozzette, S. A. (2000). Predictors of self-reported adherence and plasma HIV concentrations in patients on multidrug antiretroviral regimens. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 23, 386–395.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gloria, A. M., & Perogy, J. J. (1996). Counseling Latino alcohol and other substance users/abusers cultural considerations for counselors. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 13, 119–126. doi:10.1016/0740-5472(96)00035-9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golin, C. E., Liu, H., Hays, R. D., Miller, L. G., Beck, C. K., Ickovics, J., et al. (2002). A prospective study of predictors of adherence to combination antiretroviral medication. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 17, 756–765. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.11214.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • González, G. M., Munoz, R. F., Perez-Arce, P., & Batki, S. L. (1993). Depression and HIV disease in injection drug users: A Spanish language feasibility study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 7, 149–154. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.7.3.149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, J. S., Penedo, F. J., Antoni, M. H., Duran, R. E., McPherson-Baker, S., & Ironson, G. (2004). Social support, positive states of mind, and HIV treatment adherence in men and women living with HIV/AIDS. Health Psychology, 23, 413–418. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.23.4.413.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gordillo, V., del Amo, J., Soriano, V., & Gonzalez-Lahoz, J. (1999). Sociodemographic and psychological variables influencing adherence to antiretroviral therapy. AIDS, 13, 1763–1769. doi:10.1097/00002030-199909100-00021.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grinstead, O. A., Peterson, J. L., Faigeles, B., & Catania, J. A. (1997). Antibody testing and condom use among heterosexual African Americans at risk for HIV infection: The National AIDS Behavioral Surveys. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 857–859.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasin, D. S., Goodwin, R. D., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2005). Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcoholism and related conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 1097–1106. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1097.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haubrich, R. S., Little, S. J., Currier, J. S., Forthal, D. N., Kemper, C. A., Beall, G. N., et al. (1999). The value of patient-reported adherence to antiretroviral therapy in predicting virologic and immunologic response. AIDS, 13, 1099–1107. doi:10.1097/00002030-199906180-00014.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. (2001). Key facts: Latinos and HIV/AIDS. Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. http://www.kff.org/content/2001/6008/Latinos%20%20HIV.pdf.

  • Henry J. Kaiser Foundation. (2003). State health facts online, Special Data Request from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Washington, DC.

  • Herbst, J. H., Kay, L. S., Passin, W. F., Lyles, C. M., Crepaz, N., Marin, B. V., et al. (2007). A systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioral interventions to reduce HIV risk behaviors of Hispanics in the United States and Puerto Rico. AIDS and Behavior, 11, 25–47. doi:10.1007/s10461-006-9151-1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschhorn, L., Quinones, J., Goldin, S., & Metras, L. (1998). Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the “real world”: Experiences in an inner-city community health center (CHC). International Conference on AIDS, 12, 587–588.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holzemer, W. L., Corless, I. B., Nokes, K. M., Turner, J. G., Brown, M. A., Powell-Cope, G. M., et al. (1999). Predictors of self-reported adherence in persons living with HIV disease. AIDS Patient Care and STDS, 13, 185–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ickovics, J. R., Hamburger, M. E., Vlahov, D., Schoenbaum, E. E., Schuman, P., Boland, R. J., et al. (2001). Mortality, CD4 cell count decline, and depressive symptoms among HIV-seropositive women: Longitudinal Analysis from the HIV epidemiology research study. The Journal of American Medical Assosication, 285, 1466–1474. doi:10.1001/jama.285.11.1466.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, M., Torres, E., Redondo, F., Bradford, G., Wang, C., & O’Toole, M. L. (2007). The impact of Promotoras on social support and glycemic control among members of a farmworker community on the US-Mexico Border. Diabetes Educator, 33, 172S–178S. doi:10.1177/0145721707304170.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Institute of Medicine. (2002). Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. L., Ishii, M., LaPerriere, A., Stanley, H., Antoni, M., Ironson, G., et al. (2003). Influencing medication adherence among women with AIDS. AIDS Care, 15, 463–474. doi:10.1080/0954012031000134700.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalichman, S. C. (2000). HIV transmission risk behaviors of men and women living with HIV-AIDS: Prevalence, predictors, and emerging clinical interventions. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 32–47. doi:10.1093/clipsy/7.1.32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalichman, S. C., Ramachandran, B., & Catz, S. (1999). Adherence to combination antiretroviral therapies in HIV patients of low health literacy. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 14, 267–273. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1999.00334.x.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalichman, S. C., & Rompa, D. (2000). Functional health literacy is associated with health status and health-related knowledge in people living with HIV-AIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 25, 337–344. doi:10.1097/00126334-200012010-00007.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, J. A., & Kalichman, S. C. (1998). Reinforcement value of unsafe sex as a predictor of condom use and continued HIV/AIDS risk behavior among gay and bisexual men. Health Psychology, 17, 328–335. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.17.4.328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirsch, I. S., Jungeblut, A., Jenkins, L., & Kilstad, A. (1993). Adult literacy in America: A first look at the results of the National Adult Literacy Survey. U.S. Department of Education, Executive Summary. Publication No. 065-000-005883. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.

  • Kleeberger, C. A., Phair, J. P., Strathdee, S. A., Detels, R., Kingsley, L., & Jacobson, L. P. (2001). Determinants of heterogeneous adherence to HIV-antiretroviral therapies in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. Journal of Acquired Immunie Deficiency Syndromes, 26, 82–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E. A. (2004). Culture change and ethnic-minority health behavior: An operant theory of acculturation. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 27, 527–552. doi:10.1007/s10865-004-0002-0.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landrine, H., Klonoff, E. A., Corral, I., Fernandez, S., & Roesch, S. (2006). Conceptualizing and measuring ethnic discrimination in health research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29, 79–94. doi:10.1007/s10865-005-9029-0.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaPerriere, A., Ironson, G., Antoni, M. H., Stanley, H., Jones, D., Ishii, M., et al. (2005). Decreased depression up to one year following CBSM + intervention in depressed women with AIDS: The Smart/EST women’s project. Journal of Health Psychology, 10, 223–231. doi:10.1177/1359105305049772.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lara, M. A., Navarro, C., Rubi, N. A., & Mondragon, L. (2003). Two levels of intervention in low-income women with depressive symptoms: Compliance and programme assessment. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 49, 43–57. doi:10.1177/0020764003049001542.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Latkin, C. A., Curry, A. D., Hua, W., & Davey, M. A. (2007). Direct and indirect associations of neighborhood disorder with drug use and high-risk sexual partners. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 32, S234–S241. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.023.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lechner, S., Antoni, M. H., Lydston, D., LaPerriere, A., Ishii, M., Devieux, J., et al. (2003). Cognitive-behavioral interventions improve quality of life in women with AIDS. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54, 253–261. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00480-4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leserman, J., Petitto, J. M., Golden, R. N., Gaynes, B. N., Gu, H., Perkins, D. O., et al. (2000). Impact of stressful life events, depression, social support, coping, and cortisol on progression to AIDS. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1221–1228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lesser, I. M., Leuchter, A. F., Trivedi, M. H., Davis, L. L., Wisneiwski, S. R., Balasubramani, G. K., et al. (2005). Characteristics of insured and noninsured outpatients with depression in STAR(*) D. Psychiatric Services, 56, 995–1004. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.8.995.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • London, A. S., & Driscoll, A. K. (1999). Correlates of HIV/AIDS knowledge among U.S.-born and foreign-born Latinos in the United States. Journal of Immigrant Health, 1, 195–205. doi:10.1023/A:1021811917532.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, G. M., Cheever, L. W., Chaisson, R. W., & Moore, R. D. (2001). Detrimental effects of continued illicit drug use on the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 27, 251–259.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, G. M., Gebo, K. A., Chaisson, R. E., & Moore, R. D. (2002). Longitudinal assessment of the effects of drug and alcohol abuse on HIV-1 treatment outcomes in an urban clinic. AIDS, 16, 767–774. doi:10.1097/00002030-200203290-00012.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lujan, J., Ostwald, S. K., & Ortiz, M. (2007). Promotora diabetes intervention for Mexican Americans. The Diabetes Educator, 33, 660–70. doi:10.1177/0145721707304080.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marín, B. V. (2003). HIV prevention in the Hispanic community: Sex, culture, and empowerment. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 14, 186–192. doi:10.1177/1043659603014003005.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marín, B. V., & Marin, G. (1990). Effects of acculturation on knowledge of AIDS and HIV among Latinos. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Science, 12, 110–121. doi:10.1177/07399863900122002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marín, B. V., Tschann, J. M., Gomez, C. A., & Kegeles, S. M. (1993). Acculturation and gender differences in sexual attitudes and behaviors: Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic white unmarried adults. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 1759–1761.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markowitz, J. C., Spielman, L. A., Sullivan, M., & Fishman, B. (2000). An exploratory study of ethnicity and psychotherapy outcome among HIV-positive patients with depressive symptoms. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 9, 226–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, M., Camargo, M., Ramos, L., Lauderdale, D., Krueger, K., & Lantos, J. (2005). The evaluation of a Latino community health worker HIV prevention program. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 27, 371–384. doi:10.1177/0739986305278146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. E., Guarnaccia, P. J., & Fasina, A. (2002). AIDS knowledge among Latinos: The roles of language, culture, and socioeconomic status. Journal of Immigrant Health, 4, 63–72. doi:10.1023/A:1014542324401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millett, G. A., Peterson, J. L., Wolitski, R. J., & Stall, R. (2006). Greater risk for HIV infection of black men who have sex with men: A critical literature review. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 1007–1019. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.066720.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miranda, J., Azocar, F., Organista, K., Dwyer, E., & Areane, P. (2003a). Treatment of depression among impoverished primary care patients from ethnic minority groups. Psychiatric Services, 54, 219–225. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.54.2.219.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miranda, J., Bernal, G., Lau, A., Kohn, L., Hwang, W. C., & LaFramboise, T. (2005). State of the science on psychosocial interventions for ethnic minorities. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 113–142. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143822.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miranda, J., Chung, J. Y., Green, B. L., Krupnick, J., Siddique, J., Revicki, D. A., et al. (2003b). Treating depression in predominantly low-income young minority women: A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 57–65. doi:10.1001/jama.290.1.57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miranda, J., & Cooper, L. A. (2004). Disparities in care for depression among primary care patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 19, 120–126. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30272.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miranda, J., Schoenbaum, M., Cherbourne, C., Duan, N., & Wells, K. (2004). Effects of primary care depression treatment on minority patients’ clinical status and employment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 827–834. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.827.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molitor, F., Kuenneth, C., Waltermeyer, J., Marisol, M., Aguirre, A., Brockmann, K., et al. (2005). Linking HIV-infected persons of color and injection drug users to HIV medical and other services: The California bridge project. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 19, 406–412. doi:10.1089/apc.2005.19.406.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morales, L. S., Cunningham, W. E., Galvan, F. H., Andersen, R. M., Nakazono, T. T., & Shapiro, M. F. (2004). Sociodemographic differences in access to care among Hispanic patients who are HIV-positive in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 1119–1121.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, D. A., Roberts, J. K., Hoffman, D., Molina, A., & Lu, M. C. (2003). Barriers and successful strategies to antiretroviral adherence among HIV-positive monolingual Spanish-speaking patients. AIDS Care, 15, 217–230. doi:10.1080/0954012031000068362.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, D. A., Roberts, K. J., Martin, D. J., Marelich, W., & Hoffman, D. (2000). Barriers to antiretroviral adherence among HIV-positive adults. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 14, 47–58. doi:10.1089/108729100318127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States. (2005).

  • National Institutes of Health. (2000). NIH guidelines on the inclusion of women and minorities as participants in clinical research. Retrieved on May 7th, 2007, from http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-02-001.html

  • National Minority AIDS Council. HIV/AIDS & Latinos. (1999).

  • National Survey on Drug Use and Health. (2006). Retrieved May 7th, 2007, from http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nhsda.htm.

  • Nyamathi, A. M., Flaskerud, J., Bennett, C., Leake, B., & Lewis, C. (1994). Evaluation of two AIDS education programs for impoverished Latina women. AIDS Education and Prevention, 6, 296–309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Organista, K. C. (2006). Cognitive-Behavioral therapy with Latinos and Latinas. In P. A. Hays & G. Y. Iwamasa (Eds.), Culturally responsive cognitive-behavioral therapy: Assessment, practice, and supervision (pp. 73–97). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organista, P. B., Organista, K. C., & Soloff, P. R. (1998). Exploring AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of female Mexican migrant workers. Health and Social Work, 23, 96–103.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Padgett, D. K., Patrick, C., Burns, B. J., & Schlesinger, H. J. (1994). Ethnicity and the use of outpatient mental health services in a national insured population. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 222–226.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, T. L., Shaw, W. S., Semple, S. J., Cherner, M., McCutchan, A., Atkinson, J. H., et al. (1996). Relationship of psychosocial factors to HIV disease progression. Annals of Behavior Medicine, 18, 30–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson, D. L., Swindells, S., Mohr, J., Brester, M., Vergis, E. N., Squier, C., et al. (2000). Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy and outcomes in patients with HIV infection. Annals of Internal Medicine, 133, 21–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PEW Hispanic Center, & Henry J. Kaiser Foundation. (2002). National Survey of Latinos. Washington, DC.

  • Poppen, P. J., Reisen, C. A., Zea, M. C., Bianchi, F. T., & Echeverry, J. J. (2004). Predictors of unprotected anal intercourse among HIV-positive Latino gay and bisexual men. AIDS and Behavior, 8, 379–389. doi:10.1007/s10461-004-7322-5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Power, R., Koopman, C., Volk, J., Israelski, D. M., Stone, L., Chesney, M. A., et al. (2003). Social support, substance use, and denial in relationship to antiretroviral adherence among HIV-positive persons. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 17, 245–252. doi:10.1089/108729103321655890.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, S. D., Eng, E., Hergenrather, K. C., Remnitz, I. M., Arceo, R., Montaño, J., et al. (2007). Exploring Latino men’s HIV risk using community-based participatory research. American Journal of Health Behavior, 31, 146–158.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, S. D., Yee, L. J., & Hergenrather, K. C. (2006). A community-based rapid assessment of HIV behavioural risk disparities within a large sample of gay men in southeastern USA: A comparison of African American, Latino and white men. AIDS Care, 18, 1018–1024. doi:10.1080/09540120600568731.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rios-Ellis, B. (2003). Latinos and HIV prevention. Keynote address given for The Dallas HIV/SIDA Coalition Annual Meeting, Dallas, TX. December 2003.

  • Robles, R. R., Reyes, J. C., Colon, H. M., Sahai, H., Marrero, C. A., Matos, T. D., et al. (2004). Effects of combined counseling and case management to reduce HIV risk behaviors among Hispanic drug injectors in Puerto Rico. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 27, 145–152. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2004.06.004.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosselló, J., & Bernal, G. (1999). The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal treatments for depression in Puerto Rican adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 734–745. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.67.5.734.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabogal, F., Faigeles, B., & Catania, J. A. (1993). Data from the National AIDS Behavioral Surveys. II. Multiple sexual partners among Hispanics in high-risk cities. Family Planning Perspectives, 25, 257–262. doi:10.2307/2136142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabogal, F., Marín, G., Otero-Sabogal, R., Marín, B. V., & Perez-Stable, E. J. (1987). Hispanic familism and acculturation: What changes and what doesn’t? Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Science, 9, 397–412. doi:10.1177/07399863870094003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Safren, S. A., Otto, M. W., Worth, J., Salomon, E., Johnson, W., Mayer, K., et al. (2001). Two strategies to increase adherence to HIV antiretroviral medication: Life-Steps and medication monitoring. Behavioural Research and Therapy, 39, 1151–1162. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00091-7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sauaia, A., Min, S. J., Lack, D., Apodaca, C., Osuna, D., Stowe, A., et al. (2007). Church-based breast cancer screening education: Impact of two approaches on Latinas enrolled in public and private health insurance plans. Preventing Chronic Disease, 4, A99.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schilling, R. F., El-Bassel, N., Schinke, S. P., Gordon, K., & Nichols, S. (1991). Building skills of recovering women drug users to reduce heterosexual AIDS transmission. Public Health Reports, 106, 297–304.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schraufnagel, T. J., Wagner, A. W., Miranda, J., & Roy-Byrne, P. P. (2006). Treating minority patients with depression and anxiety: What does the evidence tell us? General Hospital Psychiatry, 28, 27–36. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2005.07.002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, S. A., Jorgensen, C. M., & Suarez, L. (1998). Concerns and dilemmas of Hispanic AIDS information seekers: Spanish-speaking callers to the CDC and national AIDS hotline. Health and Education Behavior, 25, 501–516. doi:10.1177/109019819802500408.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, M. F., Morton, S. C., McCaffrey, D. F., Senterfitt, J. W., Fleishman, J. A., Perlman, J. F., et al. (1999). Variations in the care of HIV-positive adults in the United States: Results from the HIV cost and services utilization study. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 2305–2315. doi:10.1001/jama.281.24.2305.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simoni, J. M., Frick, P. A., & Huang, B. (2006). A longitudinal evaluation of a social support model of medication adherence among HIV-positive men and women on antiretroviral therapy. Health Psychology, 25, 74–81. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.1.74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simoni, J. M., Frick, P. A., Lockhart, D., & Liebovitz, D. (2002). Mediators of social support and antiretroviral adherence among an indigent population in New York City. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 16, 431–439. doi:10.1089/108729102760330272.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. K., Gwinn, M., Selik, R. M., Miller, K. S., Dean-Gaitor, H., Ma’at, P. I., et al. (2000). HIV/AIDS among African Americans: Progress or progression? AIDS, 14, 1237–1248. doi:10.1097/00002030-200006160-00022.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stall, R., & Purcell, D. W. (2000). Intertwining epidemics: A review of research on substance use among men who have sex with men and its connection to the AIDS epidemic. AIDS and Behavior, 4, 181–192. doi:10.1023/A:1009516608672.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M. D., Rich, J. D., Maksad, J., Chen, M. H., Hu, P., Sobota, M., et al. (2000). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive methadone patients: Effect of ongoing illicit drug use. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 26, 195–201. doi:10.1081/ADA-100100600.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, V. E., Steger, K. A., & Hirschorn, L. R. (1998). Access to treatment with protease inhibitor containing regimens: Is it equal for all? [Abstract 42305]. Program and abstracts of the 12th International Conference on AIDS (Geneva). Stockholm: International AIDS Society.

  • Strathdee, S. A., & Patterson, T. L. (2006). Behavioral interventions for HIV-positive and HCV-positive drug users. AIDS and Behavior, 10, 115–130.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H. C., Marin, G., Betancourt, H., Lisansky, J., & Chang, B. H. (1984). Simpatía as a cultural script of Hispanics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1363–1375. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.6.1363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, B. J., Cunningham, W. E., Duan, N., Andersen, R. M., Shapiro, M. F., Bozzette, S. A., et al. (2000). Delayed medical care after diagnosis in US national probability sample of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160, 2614–2622. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.17.2614.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uldall, K. K., Palmer, N. B., Whetten, K., Mellins, C., & HIV Treatment Adherence, Health Outcomes, and Cost Study Group. (2004). Adherence in people living with HIV/AIDS, mental illness, and chemical dependency: A review of the literature. AIDS Care, 16, S71–S96. doi:10.1080/09540120412331315277.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • United States Bureau of the Census. (2002). Resident Population of the United States. http://www.census.gov.

  • United States Bureau of the Census. (2006). Annual estimates of the population by sex, race and Hispanic or Latino origin for the United States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006. Available at http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/NCEST2006-srh.html.

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity: A supplement to mental health: A report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General.

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2002). Healthy People 2010. http://www.health.gov/healthypeople/

  • van Servellen, G., Brown, J. S., Lombardi, E., & Herrera, G. (2003a). Health literacy in low-income Latino men and women receiving antiretroviral therapy in community-based treatment centers. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 17, 283–298. doi:10.1089/108729103322108166.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Servellen, G., Carpio, F., Lopez, M., Garcia-Teague, L., Herrera, G., Monterrosa, F., et al. (2003b). Program to enhance health literacy and treatment adherence in low-income HIV-positive Latino men and women. AIDS Patient Care, 17, 581–594. doi:10.1089/108729103322555971.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Servellen, G., & Lombardi, E. (2005). Supportive relationships and medication adherence in HIV-positive low-income Latinos. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 27, 1023–1039. doi:10.1177/0193945905279446.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Servellen, G., Nyamathi, A., Carpio, F., Pearce, D., Garcia-Teague, L., Herrera, G., et al. (2005). Effects of a treatment adherence enhancement program on health literacy, patient-provider relationships, and adherence to HAART among low-income HIV-positive Spanish-speaking Latinos. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 19, 745–759. doi:10.1089/apc.2005.19.745.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vargas, R. B., & Cunningham, W. E. (2006). Evolving trends in medical care-coordination for patients with HIV and AIDS. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 3, 149–153. doi:10.1007/s11904-006-0009-y.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walkup, J., Blank, M., Gonzalez, J. S., Safren, S., Schwartz, R., Brown, L., et al. (2008). Mental health and substance abuse factors having an impact on HIV prevention and treatment. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 47(S1), S15–S19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wasserman, M., Bender, D. E., & Lee, S. (2007). Use of preventive maternal and child health services by Latina women: A review of published intervention studies. Medical Care Research & Review, 64, 4–45. doi:10.1177/1077558706296238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, K., Klap, R., Koike, A., & Sherbourne, C. (2001). Ethnic deparities in unmet need for alcoholism, drug abuse, and mental health care. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 2027–2032. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.12.2027.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, T. E., Barron, Y., & Cohen, M. (2002). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy and its association with sexual behavior in a national sample of women with human immunodeficiency virus. Clinical Infectious Disease, 34, 529–534. doi:10.1086/338397.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

Dr. Gonzalez's effort on this manuscript was supported by a minority supplement from the National Institute on Drug Abuse to a parent grant (R01DA018603; PI, Safren), which supported the efforts of Dr. Safren.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, ACC 812, Boston, MA, 02114, USA

    Jeffrey S. Gonzalez, Ellen Setsuko Hendriksen, Erin Marie Collins & Steven A. Safren

  2. Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Jeffrey S. Gonzalez, Ellen Setsuko Hendriksen & Steven A. Safren

  3. Department of Psychology, Alliant International University, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Ron E. Durán

Authors
  1. Jeffrey S. Gonzalez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ellen Setsuko Hendriksen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Erin Marie Collins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ron E. Durán
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Steven A. Safren
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeffrey S. Gonzalez.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gonzalez, J.S., Hendriksen, E.S., Collins, E.M. et al. Latinos and HIV/AIDS: Examining Factors Related to Disparity and Identifying Opportunities for Psychosocial Intervention Research. AIDS Behav 13, 582–602 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-008-9402-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-008-9402-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation