Zusammenfassung
Unter portaler Hypertension versteht man den Anstieg des Druckgradienten zwischen der Pfortader und der abdominellen Vena cava inferior. Der Goldstandard in der Diagnostik der portalen Hypertension ist die Messung des Druckgradienten mittels indirekter Pfortaderdruckmessung mit dem Lebervenenkatheter. Dieser erlaubt nicht nur die Diagnosestellung sondern auch eine Risikostratifizierung anhand der Höhe des Messwerts und die Evaluierung des Ansprechens auf eine medikamentöse Therapie. Zu den Komplikationen der portalen Hypertension gehören die akute Varizenblutung, der Aszites, die spontan- bakterielle Peritonitis, das hepatorenale Syndrom, das hepatopulmonale Syndrom und die hepatische Enzephalopathie. In der Therapie der akuten Varizenblutung stellen vasoaktive, antibiotische und endoskopische Therapie heute den Standard dar, in der Primär- und Sekundärprävention stellt die ß-Blocker basierte medikamentöse Therapie den Standard dar, wobei die Sekundärprävention auch eine Domäne der endoskopische Therapie ist. Sowohl bei Versagen der Sekundärprävention als auch bei intraktablem Aszites ist der TIPS eine Alternative, wobei hier niemals die Lebertransplantation als Option außer Acht gelassen werden darf. Allerdings könnte sich die Rolle des TIPS durch die technischen Entwicklungen im Bereich der Stents durchaus etwas verschieben. Während die spontan-bakterielle Peritonitis eher ein diagnostisches Problem darstellt, ist die Prognose des hepatorenalen Syndroms schlecht und die Therapieoptionen diesseits der Lebertransplantation sind limitiert. Auch wenn neue, Erfolg versprechende medikamentöse Ansätze in Entwicklung sind, so liegt eine der großen Hoffnungen in der Therapie der portalen Hypertension im Fortschritt in der Therapie chronischer Lebererkrankungen, welcher die Progression dieser Erkrankungen hin zur klinisch signifikanten portalen Hypertension verhindern kann.
Summary
Portal hypertension is an old problem, but many solutions have been elaborated in recent years, mostly through international cooperation of several research groups. Ultimately, liver transplantation is a solution for all these problems but with the increasing need for liver transplantation and the lack of sufficient donor organs, there is still a high need for better conservative and interventional treatment solutions to portal hypertension. With the rapid improvements in specific therapies for chronic liver disease, especially viral hepatitis, there is hope that there will be a decreasing need for the treatment of the complications of advanced stage liver disease in future years.
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Peck-Radosavljevic, M. Portal hypertension – old problem, new therapeutic solutions. Wien Med Wochenschr 156, 397–403 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-006-0315-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-006-0315-4
Schlüsselwörter
- Aszites
- Hepatische Enzephalopathie
- Hepatorenales Syndrom
- Portale Hypertension
- Spontan-bakterielle Peritonitis
- Varizenblutung