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Climatic and intertrophic effects detected in 10-year population dynamics of biological control of the arrowhead scale by two parasitoids in southwestern Japan

  • Original Article
  • Special feature: Global climate change and the dynamics of biological communities
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Population Ecology

Abstract

Relative effects of weather and three-trophic interactions were studied for a classical biological control system consisting of the arrowhead scale Unaspis yanonensis, known formerly as a serious pest of the Satsuma mandarin orange Citrus unshiu, and its two introduced parasitoids, Coccobius fulvus and Aphytis yanonensis. Yearly population responses of the three insect species on a per-tree basis for up to 10 years at two orange groves were analyzed by general linear models, with a backward stepwise procedure, to select among abiotic (summer/winter temperature and rainfall) and biotic (densities of the three insect species and orange bearing in the previous years) independent variables. Temperature positively affected the arrowhead scale and the two parasitoids. A negative correlation of rainfall was detected for all three insect species. Mandarin fruiting showed negative delayed density dependence, thereby supporting the observed alternate bearing phenomenon in mandarins, presumably due to physiological imbalance triggered by climatic factors. The arrowhead scale was negatively correlated with fruit production in the preceding years, possibly due to reduced resistance in subsequent years of mast fruiting. We found a negative correlation of the arrowhead scale with Coccobius only in a single grove and none with Aphytis. Thus, it appears that bottom-up forces may be more important than top-down control by the parasitoids in the post-transient phase of this system.

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Acknowledgements

We thank George Heimpel for his comments on the earlier version of the manuscript. This study was supported by Grant-in-Aids for Scientific Research (10660050, 11308021 and 12740424).

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Author notes

  1. Masaaki Takanashi

    Present address: Department of Integrated Research for Agriculture, National Agriculture Research Center for Tohoku Region, National Agriculture and Bio-oriented Research Organization, Morioka, Japan

  2. Wataru Ashihara

    Present address: Department of Plant Protection, National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, National Agriculture and Bio-oriented Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan

    Midori Tuda & Masami Takagi

  2. Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

    Mitsuko Kohyama

  3. Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Takashi Matsumoto & Takao Itioka

  4. People’s Institute of Environment, Kyoto, Japan

    Norio Ishida

  5. Department of Citrus Research, National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, National Agriculture and Bio-oriented Research Organization, Nagasaki, Japan

    Masaaki Takanashi & Wataru Ashihara

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  1. Midori Tuda
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  2. Takashi Matsumoto
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Correspondence to Midori Tuda.

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Tuda, M., Matsumoto, T., Itioka, T. et al. Climatic and intertrophic effects detected in 10-year population dynamics of biological control of the arrowhead scale by two parasitoids in southwestern Japan. Popul Ecol 48, 59–70 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-005-0243-y

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