Abstract
We have developed an adaptive optics (AO) fundus camera to obtain high resolution retinal images of eyes. We use a liquid crystal phase modulator to compensate the aberrations of the eye for better resolution and better contrast in the images. The liquid crystal phase modulator has a wider dynamic range to compensate aberrations than most mechanical deformable mirrors and its linear phase generation makes it easy to follow eye movements. The wavefront aberration was measured in real time with a sampling rate of 10 Hz and the closed loop system was operated at around 2 Hz. We developed software tools to align consecutively obtained images. From our experiments with three eyes, the aberrations of normal eyes were reduced to less than 0.1 μm (RMS) in less than three seconds by the liquid crystal phase modulator. We confirmed that this method was adequate for measuring eyes with large aberrations including keratoconic eyes. Finally, using the liquid crystal phase modulator, high resolution images of retinas could be obtained.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
F. Roddier: Adaptive Optics in Astronomy (Cambridge University Press, New York, 1999) p. 3.
J. F. Bille, J. B. Costa, and F. Mueller: Customized Corneal Ablation (SLACK, NJ, 2001) p. 175.
D. Malacara: Optical Shop Testing (Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1992) 2nd ed., p. 367.
J. Liang, B. Grimm, S. Goelz, and J. F. Bille: J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11 (1994) 1949.
N. Maeda, T. Fujikado, T. Kuroda, T. Mihashi, Y. Hirohara, K. Nishida, H. Watanabe, and Y. Tano: Ophthalmology 109 (2002) 1996.
T. Kuroda, T. Fujikado, N. Maeda, T. Oshika, Y. Hirohara, and T. Mihashi: J. Cataract. Refract. Surg. 28 (2002) 438.
T. Mihashi, Y. Hirohara, S. Koh, S. Ninomiya, N. Maeda, and T. Fujikado: Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 50 (2006) 85.
G. Vdovin, S. Middelhoek, and P. M. Sarro: Opt. Eng. 36 (1997) 1382.
T. Bifano, P. Bierden, and J. Perreault: Proc. SPIE 5553 (2004) 1.
Y. Igasaki, F. Li, N. Fukuchi, Y. Biqing, N. Yoshida, Y. Kobayashi, and T. Hara: Opt. Rev. 6 (1999) 339.
J. Liang, D. R. Williams, and D. T. Miller: J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14 (1997) 2884.
A. Roorda and D. R. Williams: Nature 397 (1999) 520.
S. B. Stevenson and A. Roorda: Proc. SPIE 5688 (2005) 145.
J. L. Duncan, Y. Zhang, J. Gandhi, C. Nakanishi, M. Othman, K. E. H. Branham, A. Swaroop, and A. Roorda: Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (2007) 3283.
P. Prieto, E. Fernandez, S. Manzanera, and P. Artal: Opt. Express 12 (2004) 4059.
Y. Pouliquen: Eye 1 (1987) 1.
N. Fukuchi, Y. Biqing, Y. Igasaki, N. Yoshida, Y. Kobayashi, and T. Hara: Opt. Rev. 12 (2005) 372.
Safe Use of Lasers (American National Standards Institute, Orlando, FL, 2000) Z-136.1–2000.
J. I. Trisnadi: Proc. SPIE 4657 (2002) 131.
I. Iglesias and P. Artal: Opt. Lett. 25 (2000) 1804.
C. Paterson, I. Munro, and J. C. Dainty: Opt. Express 6 (2000) 175.
R. K. Tyson: Principles of Adaptive Optics (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1997) 2nd ed., p. 203.
J. A. Martin and A. Roorda: Ophthalmology 112 (2005) 2219.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yamaguchi, T., Nakazawa, N., Bessho, K. et al. Adaptive optics fundus camera using a liquid crystal phase modulator. OPT REV 15, 173–180 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10043-008-0028-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10043-008-0028-6