Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Culture dependent and independent analyses of 16S rRNA and ATP citrate lyase genes: a comparison of microbial communities from different black smoker chimneys on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Extremophiles Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The bacterial and archaeal communities of three deep-sea hydrothermal vent systems located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR; Rainbow, Logatchev and Broken Spur) were investigated using an integrated culture-dependent and independent approach. Comparative molecular phylogenetic analyses, using the 16S rRNA gene and the deduced amino acid sequences of the alpha and beta subunits of the ATP citrate lyase encoding genes were carried out on natural microbial communities, on an enrichment culture obtained from the Broken Spur chimney, and on novel chemolithoautotrophic bacteria and reference strains originally isolated from several different deep-sea vents. Our data showed that the three MAR hydrothermal vent chimneys investigated in this study host very different microbial assemblages. The microbial community of the Rainbow chimney was dominated by thermophilic, autotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing, sulfur- and nitrate-reducing Epsilonproteobacteria related to the genus Caminibacter. The detection of sequences related to sulfur-reducing bacteria and archaea (Archaeoglobus) indicated that thermophilic sulfate reduction might also be occurring at this site. The Logatchev bacterial community included several sequences related to mesophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, while the archaeal component of this chimney was dominated by sequences related to the ANME-2 lineage, suggesting that anaerobic oxidation of methane may be occurring at this site. Comparative analyses of the ATP citrate lyase encoding genes from natural microbial communities suggested that Epsilonproteobacteria were the dominant primary producers using the reverse TCA cycle (rTCA) at Rainbow, while Aquificales of the genera Desulfurobacterium and Persephonella were prevalent in the Broken Spur chimney.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alain K, Olagnon M, Desbruyeres D, Page A, Barbier G, Juniper SK, Querellou J, Cambon-Bonavita MA (2002a) Phylogenetic characterization of the bacterial assemblage associated with mucous secretions of the hydrothermal vent polychaete Paralvinella palmiformis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 42:463–476

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alain K, Querellou J, Lesongeur F, Pignet P, Crassous P, Raguenes G, Cueff V, Cambon-Bonavita MA (2002b) Caminibacter hydrogeniphilus gen. nov., sp nov., a novel thermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium isolated from an East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:1317–1323

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alain K, Zbinden M, Le Bris N, Lesongeur F, Querellou J, Gaill F, Cambon-Bonavita MA (2004) Early steps in microbial colonization processes at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Environ Microbiol 6:227–241

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashelford KE, Chuzhanova NA, Fry JC, Jones AJ, Weightman AJ (2005) At least 1 in 20 16S rRNA sequence records currently held in public repositories is estimated to contain substantial anomalies. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:7724–7736

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bodrossy L, Kovacs KL, McDonald IR, Murrell JC (1999) A novel thermophilic methane-oxidising gamma-Proteobacterium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 170:335–341

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–254

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan BB, Arnon DI (1990) A reverse KREBS cycle in photosynthesis: consensus at last. Photosynth Res 24:47–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell BJ, Cary SC (2004) Abundance of reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle genes in free-living microorganisms at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:6282–6289

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell BJ, Stein JL, Cary SC (2003) Evidence of chemolithoautotrophy in the bacterial community associated with Alvinella pompejana, a hydrothermal vent polychaete. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:5070–5078

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell BJ, Engel AS, Porter ML, Takai K (2006) The versatile epsilon-proteobacteria: key players in sulphidic habitats. Nat Rev Microbiol 4:458–468

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charlou JL, Fouquet Y, Bougault H, Donval JP, Etoubleau J, Jean-Baptiste P, Dapoigny A, Appriou P, Rona PA (1998) Intense CH4 plumes generated by serpentinization of ultramafic rocks at the intersection of the 15°20′N fracture zone and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62:2323–2333

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charlou JL, Donval JP, Fouquet Y, Jean-Baptiste P, Holm N (2002) Geochemistry of high H-2 and CH4 vent fluids issuing from ultramafic rocks at the Rainbow hydrothermal field (36°14′N, MAR). Chem Geol 191:345–359

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cole JR, Chai B, Marsh TL, Farris RJ, Wang Q, Kulam SA, Chandra S, McGarrell DM, Schmidt TM, Garrity GM, Tiedje JM (2003) The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP-II): previewing a new autoaligner that allows regular updates and the new prokaryotic taxonomy. Nucleic Acids Res 31:442–443

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Douville E, Charlou JL, Oelkers EH, Bienvenu P, Colon CFJ, Donval JP, Fouquet Y, Prieur D, Appriou P (2002) The rainbow vent fluids (36°14′N, MAR): the influence of ultramafic rocks and phase separation on trace metal content in Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal fluids. Chem Geol 184:37–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman RA, Black MB, Cary CS, Lutz RA, Vrijenhoek RC (1997) Molecular phylogenetics of bacterial endosymbionts and their vestimentiferan hosts. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol 6:268–277

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrera I, Longhorn S, Banta AB, Liu Y, Preston D, Reysenbach AL (2007) Diversity of 16S rRNA gene, ITS region and aclB gene of the Aquificales. Extremophiles 11:57–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galtier N, Gouy M, Gautier C (1996) SeaView and Phylo_win, two graphic tools for sequence alignment and molecular phylogeny. Comput Appl Biosci 12:543–548

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haddad A, Camacho F, Durand P, Cary SC (1995) Phylogenetic characterization of the epibiotic bacteria associated with the hydrothermal vent polychaete Alvinella pompejana. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:1679–1687

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heyer J, Berger U, Hardt M, Dunfield PF (2005) Methylohalobius crimeensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic, methanotrophic bacterium isolated from hypersaline lakes of Crimea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55:1817–1826

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoek J, Banta A, Hubler F, Reysenbach A (2003) Microbial diversity of a sulphide spire located in the Edmond deep-sea hydrothermal vent field on the Central Indian Ridge. Geobiology 1:119–127

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes AJ, Kelly DP, Baker SC, Thompson AS, De Marco P, Kenna EM, Murrell JC (1997) Methylosulfonomonas methylovora gen. nov., sp. nov., and Marinosulfonomonas methylotropha gen. nov., sp. nov.: novel methylotrophs able to grow on methanesulfonic acid. Arch Microbiol 167:46–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huber H, Jannasch HW, Rachel R, Fuchs T, Stetter KO (1997) Archaeoglobus veneficus sp. nov., a novel facultative chemolithoautotrophic hyperthemophilic sulfite reducer, isolated from abyssal black smokers. Syst Appl Microbiol 20:374–380

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hügler M, Huber H, Stetter KO, Fuchs G (2003) Autotrophic CO2 fixation pathways in archaea (Crenarchaeota). Arch Microbiol 179:160–173

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hügler M, Wirsen CO, Fuchs G, Taylor CD, Sievert SM (2005) Evidence for autotrophic CO2 fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle by members of the epsilon subdivision of proteobacteria. J Bacteriol 187:3020–3027

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hügler M, Huber H, Molyneaux SJ, Vetriani C, Sievert SM (2007) Autotrophic CO2 fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle in different lineages within the phylum Aquificae: evidence for two ways of citrate cleavage. Environ Microbiol 9:81–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inagaki F, Takai K, Kobayashi H, Nealson KH, Horikoshi K (2003) Sulfurimonas autotrophica gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel sulfur-oxidizing epsilon-proteobacterium isolated from hydrothermal sediments in the Mid-Okinawa Trough. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53:1801–1805

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inagaki F, Takai K, Nealson KH, Horikoshi K (2004) Sulfurovum lithotrophicum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotroph within the epsilon-Proteobacteria isolated from Okinawa Trough hydrothermal sediments. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54:1477–1482

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knittel K, Boetius A, Lemke A, Eilers H, Lochte K, Pfannkuche O, Linke P (2003) Activity, distribution, and diversity of sulfate reducers and other bacteria in sediments above gas hydrate (Cascadia Margin, Oregon). Geomicrobiol J 20:269–294

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L’Haridon S, Reysenbach AL, Tindall BJ, Schonheit P, Banta A, Johnsen U, Schumann P, Gambacorta A, Stackebrandt E, Jeanthon C (2006) Desulfurobacterium atlanticum sp. nov., Desulfurobacterium pacificum sp. nov. and Thermovibrio guaymasensis sp. nov., three thermophilic members of the Desulfurobacteriaceae fam. nov., a deep branching lineage within the Bacteria. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56:2843–2852

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Longnecker K, Reysenbach AL (2001) Expansion of the geographic distribution of a novel lineage of epsilon-Proteobacteria to a hydrothermal vent site on the Southern East Pacific Rise. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 35:287–293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Garcia P, Duperron S, Philippot P, Foriel J, Susini J, Moreira D (2003) Bacterial diversity in hydrothermal sediment and epsilonproteobacterial dominance in experimental microcolonizers at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Environ Microbiol 5:961–976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luijten ML, de Weert J, Smidt H, Boschker HT, de Vos WM, Schraa G, Stams AJ (2003) Description of Sulfurospirillum halorespirans sp. nov., an anaerobic, tetrachloroethene-respiring bacterium, and transfer of Dehalospirillum multivorans to the genus Sulfurospirillum as Sulfurospirillum multivorans comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53:787–793

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marques AFA, Barriga F, Chavagnac V, Fouquet Y (2006) Mineralogy, geochemistry, and Nd isotope composition of the Rainbow hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Mineralium Deposita 41:52–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuo Y, Suzuki M, Kasai H, Shizuri Y, Harayama S (2003) Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of bacteria capable of inducing differentiation in the green alga Monostroma oxyspermum. Environ Microbiol 5:25–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miroshnichenko ML, Bonch-Osmolovskaya EA (2006) Recent developments in the thermophilic microbiology of deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Extremophiles 10:85–96

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miroshnichenko ML, Kostrikina NA, L’Haridon S, Jeanthon C, Hippe H, Stackebrandt E, Bonch-Osmolovskaya EA (2002) Nautilia lithotrophica gen. nov., sp nov., a thermophilic sulfur-reducing epsilon-proteobacterium isolated from a deep- sea hydrothermal vent. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:1299–1304

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miroshnichenko ML, L’Haridon S, Schumann P, Spring S, Bonch-Osmolovskaya EA, Jeanthon C, Stackebrandt E (2004) Caminibacter profundus sp. nov., a novel thermophile of Nautiliales ord. nov. within the class ‘Epsilonproteobacteria’, isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54:41–45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakagawa T, Nakagawa S, Inagaki F, Takai K, Horikoshi K (2004) Phylogenetic diversity of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes in active deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney structures. FEMS Microbiol Lett 232:145–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nercessian O, Reysenbach AL, Prieur D, Jeanthon C (2003) Archaeal diversity associated with in situ samplers deployed on hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise (13°N). Environ Microbiol 5:492–502

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nercessian O, Bienvenu N, Moreira D, Prieur D, Jeanthon C (2005a) Diversity of functional genes of methanogens, methanotrophs and sulfate reducers in deep-sea hydrothermal environments. Environ Microbiol 7:118–132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nercessian O, Fouquet Y, Pierre C, Prieur D, Jeanthon C (2005b) Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea associated with a carbonate-rich metalliferous sediment sample from the Rainbow vent field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Environ Microbiol 7:698–714

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orphan VJ, Hinrichs KU, Ussler W, 3rd Paull CK, Taylor LT, Sylva SP, Hayes JM, Delong EF (2001) Comparative analysis of methane-oxidizing archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria in anoxic marine sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:1922–1934

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orphan VJ, House CH, Hinrichs KU, McKeegan KD, DeLong EF (2002) Multiple archaeal groups mediate methane oxidation in anoxic cold seep sediments. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:7663–7668

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perner M, Kuever J, Seifert R, Pape T, Koschinsky A, Schmidt K, Strauss H, Imhoff JF (2007) The influence of ultramafic rocks on microbial communities at the Logatchev hydrothermal field, located 15 degrees N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 61(1):97–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Pikuta EV, Zhilina TN, Zavaring GA, Kostrikina NA, Osipov GA (1998) Desulfonatronum lacustre gen. nov., sp. nov.: a new alkaliphilic sulfate-reducing bacterium utilizing ethanol. Microbiology 67:105–113

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reed AJ, Lutz RA, Vetriani C (2006) Vertical distribution and diversity of bacteria and archaea in sulfide and methane-rich cold seep sediments located at the base of the Florida Escarpment. Extremophiles 10:199–211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reysenbach AL, Longnecker K, Kirshtein J (2000) Novel bacterial and archaeal lineages from an in situ growth chamber deployed at a Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:3798–3806

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt K, Koschinsky-Fritsche A, Garbe-Schonberg D (2006) Detailed geochemical investigation of hydrothermal fluids from the Logatchev field, 15 degrees N, MAR. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 70:A563–A563

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrenk MO, Kelley DS, Delaney JR, Baross JA (2003) Incidence and diversity of microorganisms within the walls of an active deep-sea sulfide chimney. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:3580–3592

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorokin DY, Tourova TP, Kolganova TV, Sjollema KA, Kuenen JG (2002) Thioalkalispira microaerophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel lithoautotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing bacterium from a soda lake. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:2175–2182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stetter KO, König H, Stackebrandt E (1983) Pyrodictium, a new genus of submarine disc-shaped sulfur reducing archaebacteria growing optimally at 105°C. Syst Appl Microbiol 4:535–551

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki M, Nakagawa Y, Harayama S, Yamamoto S (2001) Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic study of marine Cytophaga-like bacteria: proposal for Tenacibaculum gen. nov. with Tenacibaculum maritimum comb. nov. and Tenacibaculum ovolyticum comb. nov., and description of Tenacibaculum mesophilum sp. nov. and Tenacibaculum amylolyticum sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:1639–1652

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki Y, Inagaki F, Takai K, Nealson KH, Horikoshi K (2004) Microbial diversity in inactive chimney structures from deep-sea hydrothermal systems. Microb Ecol 47:186–96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takai K, Horikoshi K (1999) Genetic diversity of archaea in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments. Genetics 152:1285–1297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takai K, Komatsu T, Inagaki F, Horikoshi K (2001) Distribution of archaea in a black smoker chimney structure. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:3618–3629

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takai K, Hirayama H, Nakagawa T, Suzuki Y, Nealson KH, Horikoshi K (2004a) Thiomicrospira thermophila sp. nov., a novel microaerobic, thermotolerant, sulfur-oxidizing chemolithomixotroph isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal fumarole in the TOTO caldera, Mariana Arc, Western Pacific. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54:2325–2333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takai K, Nealson KH, Horikoshi K (2004b) Hydrogenimonas thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel thermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing chemolithoautotroph within the epsilon-Proteobacteria, isolated from a black smoker in a Central Indian Ridge hydrothermal field. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54:25–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takai K, Campbell BJ, Cary SC, Suzuki M, Oida H, Nunoura T, Hirayama H, Nakagawa S, Suzuki Y, Inagaki F, Horikoshi K (2005a) Enzymatic and genetic characterization of carbon and energy metabolisms by deep-sea hydrothermal chemolithoautotrophic isolates of Epsilonproteobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:7310–7320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takai K, Hirayama H, Nakagawa T, Suzuki Y, Nealson KH, Horikoshi K (2005b) Lebetimonas acidiphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel thermophilic, acidophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing chemolithoautotroph within the ‘Epsilonproteobacteria’, isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal fumarole in the Mariana Arc. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55:183–189

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teske A, Hinrichs KU, Edgcomb V, Gomez AD, Kysela D, Sylva SP, Sogin ML, Jannasch HW (2002) Microbial diversity of hydrothermal sediments in the Guaymas Basin: evidence for anaerobic methanotrophic communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:1994–2007

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG (1997) The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25:4876–4882

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vetriani C, Speck MD, Ellor SV, Lutz RA, Starovoytov V (2004) Thermovibrio ammonificans sp. nov., a thermophilic, chemolithotrophic, nitrate ammonifying bacterium from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54:175–181

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voordeckers JW, Starovoytov V, Vetriani C (2005) Caminibacter mediatlanticus sp. nov., a thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, nitrate ammonifying bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55:773–779

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank the crew of R/V Atlantis, and the crew and pilots of the deep-submergence vehicle Alvin, for their skilled operations at sea. We thank Nicole LeFur for technical assistance and Ken Takai (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology) for kindly making genomic DNA of H. thermophila, L. acidiphila, S. autotrophica, and S. lithotrophicum available to us. This research was supported by NSF grants MCB 04–56676 (C.V.), OCE 03–27353 (C.V.), MCB 04–56689 (S.M.S.), a grant from the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station to C.V., and a NIH Ph.D. Training Program in Biotechnology Fellowship (NIH NIGMS 5 T32 GM08339) to J.V. M.H. was supported through a postdoctoral scholarship from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Michael Hügler

    Present address: Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences, IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8525, USA

    James W. Voordeckers, My H. Do, Vivian Ko & Costantino Vetriani

  2. Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8521, USA

    James W. Voordeckers, My H. Do, Vivian Ko & Costantino Vetriani

  3. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, MA, 02543, USA

    Michael Hügler & Stefan M. Sievert

Authors
  1. James W. Voordeckers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. My H. Do
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael Hügler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Vivian Ko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Stefan M. Sievert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Costantino Vetriani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Costantino Vetriani.

Additional information

Communicated by K. Horikoshi.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Table S1. Number of clones examined for each library (DOC 56 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Voordeckers, J.W., Do, M.H., Hügler, M. et al. Culture dependent and independent analyses of 16S rRNA and ATP citrate lyase genes: a comparison of microbial communities from different black smoker chimneys on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Extremophiles 12, 627–640 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-008-0167-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-008-0167-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation