Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) spore communities were surveyed in a long-term field fertilization experiment in Switzerland, where different amounts of phosphorus (P) were applied to soil. Plots receiving no P as well as plots systematically fertilized in excess to plant needs for 31 years were used to test the hypothesis that application of P fertilizer changes the composition and diversity of AMF communities. AMF spores were isolated from the field soil, identified, and counted so as to quantify the effect of P fertilization on AMF spore density, composition, and diversity. Trap cultures were established from field soil with four host plants (sunflower, leek, maize, and Crotalaria grahamiana), and the spore communities were then analyzed in substrate samples from the pots. Altogether, nine AMF species were detected in the soil. No evidence has been acquired for effect of P fertilization on spore density, composition, and diversity of AMF in both the field soil and in trap cultures. On the other hand, we observed strong effect of crop plant species on spore densities in the soil, the values being lowest under rapeseed and highest under Phacelia tanacetifolia covercrop. The identity of plant species in trap pots also significantly affected composition and diversity of associated AMF communities, probably due to preferential establishment of symbiosis between certain plant and AMF species. AMF spore communities under mycorrhizal host plants (wheat and Phacelia in the fields and four host plant species in trap pots) were dominated by a single AMF species, Glomus intraradices. This resulted in exceptionally low AMF spore diversity that seems to be linked to high clay content of the soil.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Marcel Bucher (ETH Zürich) for providing lab space to perform the molecular identification part of this study. Financial support of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich (project No. TH-5/01-2/00447) is gratefully acknowledged.
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Fig. S1
AMF spores isolated directly from the field soil, mounted in PVLG + Melzer reagent and observed under compound microscope: G. constrictum (a), G. caledonium (b), G. mosseae (c), G. geosporum (d), G. dimorphicum (e–f), G. microaggregatum (spores inside a glomeralean spore) (g), G. claroideum (h), G. intraradices (i)
Fig. S2
AMF spores isolated from trap pots, mounted in PVLG + Melzer reagent and observed under compound microscope: G. caledonium (a), G. mosseae (b), G. claroideum (c), G. intraradices (d), P. occultum (e–f)
Fig. S3
Phylogenetic tree based on partial sequencing of LSU gene. Bootstrap values above 75% are indicated. Taxonomic affiliations are given in right column. Previously published sequences are reported with their respective GenBank accession numbers. Sequences obtained in this study are shown in bold. Asterisk (*) indicates other unpublished sequences
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Mathimaran, N., Ruh, R., Vullioud, P. et al. Glomus intraradices dominates arbuscular mycorrhizal communities in a heavy textured agricultural soil. Mycorrhiza 16, 61–66 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-005-0014-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-005-0014-9