Abstract
We have applied three different imaging diagnostics: particle imaging velocimetry, high-speed shadowgraphy, and ballistic imaging, to observe the breakup of a liquid jet in a crossflow of air under a variety of conditions. The experimental system was designed to provide well-controlled conditions with minimal amounts of turbulence in the liquid jet and the gaseous crossflow. A variety of Weber numbers and momentum flux ratios were studied in order to provide a sizable data set for the validation of computational models. This paper briefly describes the three spray imaging techniques, outlines the results obtained to-date, and tabulates image statistics for each of ten spray conditions at varying distances from the spray nozzle orifice. The end result is a first installment in what will become a comprehensive model validation data set for jets in crossflow for use by computational fluid dynamics modelers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bachalo WD (2000) Spray diagnostics for the twenty-first century. At Sprays 10(3–5):439–474
Bellofiore A, Cavaliere A, Ragucci R (2008) Piv characterization of sprays generated by crossflow injection in high-density airflow. In: Proceedings ILASS-Europe 2008, ILASS
Berrocal E (2006) Multiple scattering of light in optical diagnostics of dense sprays and other complex turbid media. PhD thesis, Cranfield University, Cranfield
Berrocal E, Kristensson E, Richter M, Linne MA, Aldén M (2008) Application of structured illumination for multiple scattering suppression in planar laser imaging of dense sprays. Opt Express 16(22):17870–17881
Cavaliere A, Ragucci R, Noviello C (2003) Bending and break-up of a liquid jet in a high pressure airflow. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 27:449–454
Chen TH, Smith CR, Schommer DG (1993) Multi-zone behavior of transverse liquid jet in high-speed flow. In: Proceedings 31st AIAA aerospace sciences meeting, AIAA
Chigier N, Reitz RD (1996) Recent advances in spray combustion: spray atomization and drop burning phenomena, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, vol~1, Reston, pp 109–135
Dunsby C, French PMW (2003) Techniques for depth-resolved imaging through turbid media including coherence-gated imaging. J Phys D Appl Phys 36(14):R207–R227
Freitag S, Hassa C (2008) Spray characteristics of a kerosene jet in cross flow of air at elevated pressure. In: Proceedings ILASS-Europe 2008, ILASS
Greenhaulgh DA, Jermy M (2002) Laser diagnostics for droplet measurements for the study of fuel injection and mixing in gas turbines and IC engines. In: Applied combustion diagnostics. Taylor and Francis, New York
Leong MY, McDonell VG, Samuelsen GS (2000) Mixing of an airblast-atomized fuel spray injected into a crossflow of air. NASA Glenn Research Center Report NASA/CR-2000-210467
Linne MA, Paciaroni ME, Gord JR, Meyer TR (2005) Ballistic imaging of the liquid core for a steady jet in crossflow. Appl Opt 44:6627–6634
Linne MA, Paciaroni ME, Hall T, Parker T (2006) Ballistic imaging of the near field in a diesel spray. Exp Fluids 40(6):836–846
Linne MA, Paciaroni ME, Berrocal E, Sedarsky DL (2009) Ballistic imaging of liquid breakup processes in dense sprays. Proc Combust Inst 32:2147–2161
Madabhushi RK (2003) A model for numerical simulation of breakup of a liquid jet in crossflow. At Sprays 13:413–424
Madabhushi RK, Leong MY, Hautman DJ (2004) Simulation of the breakup of a liquid jet in crossflow at atmospheric conditions. In: Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2004, ASME, Vienna
Mazallon J, Dai Z, Faeth GM (1999) Primary breakup of nonturbulent round liquid jets in gas crossflows. At Sprays 9:291–311
Otsu N (1979) A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 9(1):62–66
Paciaroni ME (2004) Time-gated ballistic imaging through scattering media with applications to liquid spray combustion. PhD thesis, Division of Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden
Paciaroni ME, Linne MA (2004) Single-shot two-dimensional ballistic imaging through scattering media. Appl Opt 43:5100–5109
Paciaroni ME, Hall T, Delplanque JP, Parker T, Linne MA (2006) Single-shot two-dimensional ballistic imaging of the liquid core in an atomizing spray. At Sprays 16:51–70
Parker TE, Rainaldi LR, Rawlins WT (1998) A comparative study of room-temperature and combusting fuel sprays near the injector tip using infrared laser diagnostics. At Sprays 8:565–600
Rachner M, Becker J, Hassa C, Doerr T (2002) Modelling of the atomization of plain liquid fuel jet in crossflow at gas turbine conditions. Aerosp Sci Technol 6:495–506
Ragucci BR, Cavaliere A (2007) Trajectory and momentum coherence breakdown of a liquid jet in high-density air cross-flow. At Sprays 17:47–70
Reitz RD, Rutland CJ (1995) Development and testing of diesel engine cfd models. Prog Energy Combust Sci 21(2):173–196
Reynolds WC, Parekh DE, Juvet PJD, Lee MJD (2003) Bifurcating and blooming jets. Ann Rev Fluid Mech 35:295–315
Salewski M (2006) Les of jets and sprays injected into crossflow. PhD thesis, Division of Fluid Mechanics, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund
Salewski M, Stankovic D, Fuchs L (2008) Mixing in circular and non-circular jets in crossflow. Flow Turbul Combust 80:255–283
Sallam KA, Aalburg C, Faeth GM (2004) Breakup of round nonturbulent liquid jets in gaseous crossflow. AIAA J 42(12):2529–2540
Settles G (2001) Schlieren and shadowgraph techniques. Springer, Berlin
Wu PK, Kirkendall KA, Fuller RP, Nejad AS (1997) Breakup process of liquid jets in subsonic crossflows. J Propuls Power 13:64–73
Wu PK, Kirkendall KA, Fuller RP, Nejad AS (1998) Spray structures of liquid jets atomized in subsonic crossflows. J Propuls Power 14:173–182
Acknowledgments
Dr. Sedarsky was supported by the Swedish Research Council grant no. 621-2004-5504 and Air Force EOARD grant no. FA8655-06-1-3031. Dr. Paciaroni was supported by the Swedish Energy Agency and Dr. Berrocal has been financed by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, both postdoctoral fellowships through the Centre for Combustion Science and Technology.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sedarsky, D., Paciaroni, M., Berrocal, E. et al. Model validation image data for breakup of a liquid jet in crossflow: part I. Exp Fluids 49, 391–408 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-009-0807-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-009-0807-2