Abstract
This work describes the study of free-radical homopolymerization kinetics for a system based on acrylamide, triethanolamine, and methylene blue on a polyvinylalcohol matrix, by analyzing temporal variations of the diffraction efficiency. Due to the high viscosity of the material, it has been demonstrated that diffusion processes at the time of recording are negligible. So, the modulation index has been related to the parameters of the system’s components, giving as a result, a method that can be used to estimate the chain-length of the polymer, the kinetic rate constants and absorption-scattering parameters. Depending on the termination step, two models of homopolymerization has been proposed – a bimolecular model (bimolecular termination) and a radicalic model (primary radical termination). Using these methods it was possible to compare the results obtained for the kinetic parameters of the photopolymerization process when the intensity and the concentration of each component were changed. Thus, holography can be used as holographic method to analyze the photopolymerization processes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
K. Curtis, D. Psaltis: Appl. Opt. 33, 5396 (1994)
T.J. Trout, J.J. Schmieg, W. Gambogi, A.M. Weber: Adv. Mater. 10, 1219 (1998)
H.J. Coufal, G.T. Sincerbox: Holographic data storage (Springer, Berlin, 2000)
S. Blaya, L. Carretero, R.F. Madrigal, A. Fimia: In: Handbook of Advanced Electronic and Photonic Materials and Devices, ed. by H.S. Nalwa (Academic Press, San Diego 2001) Vol. 7, Chapt. 7
J.R. Lawrence, F.T. O’Neill, J.T. Sheridan: Optik 112, 449 (2001)
W.S. Colburn, K.A. Haines: Appl. Opt. 10, 1636 (1971)
C. Carré, D.J. Lougnot, J.P. Fouassier: Macromolecules 22, 791 (1989)
D. Lougnot, C. Carré, J.P. Fouassier: Makromol. Chem. Macromol. Symp. 24, 209 (1989)
H. Kogelnik: Bell. System Tech. J. 48, 2909 (1969)
E.S. Gyulnazarov, T.N. Smirnova, E.A. Tikhonov: Opt. Spectrosc. 67, 99 (1989).
E.S. Gyulnazarov, V.V. Obukhovsky, T.N. Smirnova: Opt. Spectrosc. 69, 109 (1990)
V.V. Obukhovsky, T.N. Smirnova: Opt. Spectrosc. 74, 462 (1993)
G.M. Karpov, V.V. Obukhovsky, T.N. Smirnova: Opt. Spectrosc. 81, 947 (1996)
G.M. Karpov, V.V. Obukhovsky, T.N. Smirnova, T.A. Sarbaev: Opt. Spectrosc. 82, 131 (1997)
G.M. Karpov, V.V. Obukhovsky, T.N. Smirnova, V.V. Lemeshko: Opt. Commun. 174, 391 (2000)
R.H. Wopschall, T.R. Pampalone: Appl. Opt. 11, 2096 (1972)
R.R. Adhami, D.J. Lanteigne, D.A. Gregory: Microwave and Opt. Tech. 4, 106 (1991)
G. Zhao, P. Mouroulis: J. Mod. Opt. 41, 1929 (1994)
U.S. Rhee, J. Caulfield, C.S. Vikram, J. Shamir: Appl. Opt. 34, 846 (1995)
R.K. Kostuk: Appl. Opt. 38, 1357 (1999)
G. Zhao, P. Mouroulis: J. Mod. Opt. 42, 2571 (1995)
V.L. Colvin, R.G. Larson, A.L. Harris, M.L. Schilling: J. Appl. Phys. 81, 5913 (1997)
I. Aubrecht, M. Miler, I. Koudela: J. Mod. Opt. 45, 1465 (1998)
S. Piazzolla, B.K. Jenkins: Opt. Lett. 21, 1075 (1996)
S. Piazzolla, B.K. Jenkins: J. Mod. Opt. 46, 2079 (1999)
S. Piazzolla, B.K. Jenkins: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 17, 1147 (2000)
J.H. Kwon, H.C. Hwang, K.C. Woo: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16, 1651 (1999)
J.T. Sheridan, J.R. Lawrence: J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 17, 1108 (2000)
J.T. Sheridan, M. Downey, F.T. O’Neill: J. Opt. A – Pure Appl. Opt. 3, 477 (2001)
J.R. Lawrence, F.T. O’Neill, J.T. Sheridan: J. Appl. Phys. 90, 3142 (2001)
J.R. Lawrence, F.T. O’Neill, J.T. Sheridan: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19, 621 (2002)
F.T. O’Neill, J.R. Lawrence, J.T. Sheridan: Appl. Opt. 41, 845 (2002)
C. Bräuchle, D.M. Burland: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 22, 582 (1983)
G. Odian: Principles of polymerization (J. Wiley, New York 1991), 3rd ed.
D. Engin, A.S. Kewitsch, A. Yariv: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16, 1213 (1999)
S. Blaya, L. Carretero, R. Mallavia, A. Fimia, R.F. Madrigal: Appl. Opt. 38, 955 (1999)
S. Blaya, L. Carretero, R.F. Madrigal: A. Fimia: Appl. Phys. B 74, 243 (2002)
S. Blaya, L. Carretero, R. Mallavia, A. Fimia, R.F. Ulibarrena, D. Levy: Appl. Opt. 37, 7604 (1998)
D.A. Waldman, H.S. Li, M.G. Horner: J. Imaging. Sci. Tecnol. 41, 497 (1997)
P. Hariharan: Opt. and Las. Tech. 31, 339 (1999)
S. Blaya, L. Carrerero, R.F. Madrigal, A. Fimia: Opt. Mater. 23, 529 (2003)
N. Uchida: J. Opt. Soc. Am. 63, 280 (1972)
T. Kubota: Opt. Acta 26, 731 (1979)
D.M. Burland, C. Bräuchle: J. Chem. Phys. 76, 4502 (1982)
S.A. Rice: In: Comprehensive chemical kinetics, by C.H. Bamford, C.F.H. Tipper, R.G. Compton (Eds.) (Elsevier, Oxford 1985) Vol. 25
R.P. Podgorsek, H. Franke: Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2887 (1998)
M. Antonietti, J. Coutandin, R. Grütter, H. Sillescu: Macromolecules 17, 798 (1984)
J. Zhang, C.H. Wang, D. Ehlich: Macromolecules 19, 1390 (1986)
C.H. Wang, J.L. Xia: Macromolecules 21, 3519 (1988)
J. Zhang, B.K. Yu, C.H. Wang: J. Phys. Chem. 90, 1299 (1986)
D. Ehlich, H. Sillescu: Macromolecules 23, 1600 (1990)
H. Kim, T. Chang, L. Wang, H. Yu: Macromolecules 19, 2737 (1986)
J. Zhang, C.H. Wang, Z.X. Chen: J. Chem. Phys. 85, 5359 (1986)
J. Xia, C.H. Wang: Macromolecules 32, 5655 (1999)
A.V. Veniaminov, H. Sillescu: Macromolecules 32, 1828 (1999)
C.H. Wang, J.L. Xia: J. Chem. Phys. 92, 2603 (1990)
A. Sen, M. Srivastava: Regresion analysis. Theory, methods, and applications (Springer, New York 1997)
D.M. Bates, D.G. Watts: Nonlinear Regression analysis and its applications (Wiley, New York 1988)
S. Wolfram: The Mathematica book (Wolfram media 1999) 4th ed.
P.J. Flory: Principles of Polymer Chemistry (Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca and London 1953)
C.H. Bamford, C.F.H. Tipper: Free-radical polymerisation, Vol. 14A of Comprehensive chemical kinetics (Elsevier, Oxford 1976)
G. Oster, N.-L. Yang: Chem. Rev. 68, 125 (1968)
D. Panke: Macromol. Theory simul. 4, 759 (1995)
J.B.L. de Kock, B. Klumperman, A.M. van Herck, A.L. German: Macromolecules 30, 6743 (1997)
C.H. Bamford, A.D. Jenkins, R. Johnston: Trans. Faraday Soc. 55, 1451 (1959)
M.D. Goodner, C. Bowman: Macromolecules 32, 6552 (1999)
P.C. Deb, S. Ray: Eur. Polym. J. 14, 607 (1978)
P.C. Deb: Eur. Polym. J. 18, 769 (1982)
H.G. Lamparski, E. Oblinger, D.F. O’Brien: Macromolecules 32, 5450 (1999)
D.A. Shipp, K. Matyjaszewski: Macromolecules 32, 2948 (1999)
K.J. Laidler: Chemical Kinetics (Addison-Wesley, London, 1987)
L. Carretero, S. Blaya, R. Mallavia, R.F. Madrigal, A. Beléndez, A. Fimia: Appl. Opt. 37, 4496 (1998)
D. Yan, M. Zhang, J. Schweer: Macromolecules 29, 3793 (1996)
K.J. Miller: J. Chem. Soc. Am. 112, 8533 (1990)
K.J. Miller, J.A. Savchik, J. Chem. Soc. Am. 101, 7206 (1979)
A. Giz, H. Catalgil-Giz, A. Alb, J.L. Brousseau, W.F. Reed: Macromolecules 34, 1180 (2001)
S. Zhang, B. Li, L. Tang, X. Wang, D. Liu, Q. Zhou: Polymer, 7575 (2001)
J.M. Moran, I.P. Kaminow: Appl. Opt. 12, 1964 (1973)
E.L. Simmons: J. Phys. Chem. 75, 588 (1971)
O.F. Olaj, A. Kornherr, G. Zifferer: Macromol. Theory Simul. 6, 655 (1997)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
PACS
42.70.Ln; 42.70.Jk; 42.40.Ht
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Blaya, S., Carretero, L., Madrigal, R. et al. Photopolymerization model for holographic gratings formation in photopolymers. Appl. Phys. B 77, 639–662 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-003-1288-2
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-003-1288-2