Abstract
We combined a natural experiment with field surveys and GIS to investigate the effects of dust from recreational trails and access roads on the federally threatened Valley elderberry longhorn beetle (“VELB,” Desmocerus californicus dimorphus) and its host plant, elderberry (Sambucus mexicana). Dust is listed in the species recovery plan as a threat to the VELB and unpaved surfaces are common throughout the riparian corridors where the VELB lives, yet the effects of dust on the VELB have been untested. We found that dust deposition varied among sites and was highest within 10 m of trails and roads, but was similar adjacent to dirt and paved surfaces within sites. Elderberry density did not differ with distance from dirt surfaces. Despite similar within-site dust levels, elderberry adjacent to paved surfaces were less stressed than those near dirt ones, possibly because increased runoff from paved surfaces benefited elderberry. Dust deposition across sites was weakly correlated with elderberry stress symptoms (e.g., water stress, dead stems, smaller leaves), indicating that ambient dust (or unmeasured correlates) influenced elderberry. Direct studies of the VELB showed that its distribution was not negatively affected by the proximity to dirt surfaces. Dust from low traffic dirt and paved access roads and trails, therefore, affected VELB presence neither directly nor indirectly through changed elderberry condition. These results suggest that the placement of VELB mitigation, restoration, and conservation areas can proceed independently of access roads if dust and traffic levels do not exceed those in our study site. Furthermore, dust control measures are likely to be unnecessary under such conditions. The potential effects of increased traffic and dust levels are addressed through a literature review.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Tasila Banda, Angela Calderaro, Soledad Sanchez, and Sara Wood for their enthusiastic help with the field and laboratory studies. We are indebted to Bobby Jo Close and the California Conservation Corps for help with the extensive American River Parkway mapping effort. We thank Sacramento County Parks for GIS data and permission to conduct this study along the American River Parkway, the American River Flood Control District for access to levee roads, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service for support of our work on this threatened species (Permit number TE043408−0). Dave Lydick and Bill Katen (Sacramento County Parks) provided data on traffic levels along the Parkway, and Richard Marck (ARFCD) provided data as well as much appreciated on-the-ground support. We appreciate the scientific writing talents of Laura Svensgaard, and the use of field equipment generously provided by Kevin Rice and Sharon Strauss (UC-Davis). Funding for this project came from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency, Sacramento County Parks, Sacramento County Dept. of Environmental Review and Assessment, American River Flood Control District, Pacific Gas and Electric, Sacramento Municipal Utility District, Sacramento Regional County Sanitation District, Western Area Power Authority, California Dept. of Water Resources and Reclamation Board, Federal Highways Administration, and the City of Sacramento. We are especially grateful to Peter Buck and Tim Washburn (SAFCA) for their insightful participation in this work and the orchestration of this productive multiagency collaboration. Trevor Burwell, Greg Golet, and three anonymous reviewers provided helpful reviews of this manuscript.
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Talley, T.S., Holyoak, M. & Piechnik, D.A. The Effects of Dust on the Federally Threatened Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle. Environmental Management 37, 647–658 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0320-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0320-6