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Male takeover, infanticide, and female countertactics in white-headed leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus leucocephalus)

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Abstract

Infanticide by males is common in mammalian species such as primates in which lactation lasts much longer than gestation. It frequently occurs in one-male groups following male takeovers and is likely a male reproductive strategy. Reported female countertactics include abrupt weaning of infants, dispersal, or paternity confusion. Here, we estimated costs of female countertactics in terms of weaning ages and interbirth intervals. We observed a population of white-headed leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) in Nongguan Nature Reserve, China (1995–2006) mainly composed of one-male groups. Takeovers (N = 11) coincided with the peak conception period. Detailed data are presented for five takeovers (34 females, 29 infants, and 47 group-years) leading to six infant disappearances (42.9% of infant mortality). All presumed infanticides were in accordance with the sexual selection hypothesis. Following a takeover, females without infants or with old infants stayed with the new males, incurring no or low costs (via abrupt weaning). Females with young infants dispersing with the old males also experienced low costs. High costs (due to infant loss) were incurred by pregnant females and those with young infants who stayed with the new males indicating that paternity was not confused. Costs in terms of long interbirth intervals were also high for females leaving with the old males to later join the new males, despite infant survival. Female countertactics reflected female philopatry mediated by infant age. Presumably due to the seasonal timing of takeovers, most countertactics seemed successful given that 32.3% of females apparently incurred no costs and 41.2% incurred only low costs.

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Acknowledgments

For contribution to the data collection of this long-term study, we are very grateful to our fellow researchers from Peking University, namely: Ai Chen, Mei Chen, Tong Jin, Dagong Qin, Wenzhong Ran, Dezhi Wang, Lijie Yin, Lei Zhang, Yingyi Zhang, and Lizhong Zhu. We also thank Shidong Cen, Qihai Chen, Jinghua Lin, Zhuzhong Ling, Zesheng Wang, and other field assistants for their assistance and contribution to the dataset. For valuable comments on the manuscript we wish to thank Andreas Koenig, the associate editor David Watts, and three anonymous reviewers, and we thank Jan Gogarten for help with circular statistics. Funding was provided by the 985 Project of Peking University, Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation and Conservation International (to WP). The study complied with the laws of the People’s Republic of China and the USA.

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  1. School of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, China

    Qing Zhao & Wenshi Pan

  2. Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA

    Carola Borries

  3. Department of Mathematics, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606-3390, USA

    Qing Zhao

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  1. Qing Zhao
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Correspondence to Qing Zhao.

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Communicated by D. Watts

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Zhao, Q., Borries, C. & Pan, W. Male takeover, infanticide, and female countertactics in white-headed leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus leucocephalus). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 65, 1535–1547 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-011-1163-9

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