Abstract
Most social primates live in cohesive groups, so travel paths inevitably reflect compromise: decision processes of individuals are obscured. The fission–fusion social organisation of the chimpanzee, however, allows an individual's movements to be investigated independently. We followed 15 chimpanzees (eight male and seven female) through the relatively flat forest of Budongo, Uganda, plotting the path of each individual over periods of 1–3 days. Chimpanzee movement was parsed into phases ending with halts of more than 20 min, during which individuals fed, rested or engaged in social activities. Males, lactating or pregnant females and sexually receptive females all travelled similar average distances between halts, at similar speeds and along similarly direct beeline paths. Compared to lactating or pregnant females, males did travel for a significantly longer time each day and halted more often, but the most striking sex differences appeared in the organisation of movement phases into a day's path. After a halt, males tended to continue in the same direction as before. Lactating or pregnant females showed no such strategy and often retraced the preceding phase, returning to previously visited food patches. We suggest that female chimpanzee movements approximate an optimal solution to feeding requirements, whereas the paths of males allow integration of foraging with territorial defence. The ‘continually moving forwards’ strategy of males enables them to monitor their territory boundaries—border checking—whilst foraging, generally avoiding the explicit boundary patrols observed at other chimpanzee study sites.
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Notes
Searching for sexually receptive females is an alternative, although not mutually exclusive, explanation for why males might travel more widely and spend more time in peripheral areas. In this study, however, males were never observed to join with sexually receptive females when in the peripheral areas of the range, so this possibility could not be investigated further.
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Acknowledgements
We thank all the staff of the Budongo Forest Project, especially Kakura James, Fred Babweteera and Vernon Reynolds. For permission to work in Uganda, we thank the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology, the President's Office, the Uganda Wildlife Authority and the Uganda Forest Authority. This research was supported by a studentship from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (01/A1/S/07457). The paper has benefited from helpful comments from two anonymous referees.
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Bates, L.A., Byrne, R.W. Sex differences in the movement patterns of free-ranging chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): foraging and border checking. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 64, 247–255 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-009-0841-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-009-0841-3