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Embryo Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin to the Wood Duck (Aix sponsa)

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Abstract

We examined the sensitivity of the wood duck (Aix sponsa) embryo to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) by injecting the toxicant into their eggs. Six groups of wood duck eggs (n = 35 to 211 per trial) were injected with 0 to 4600 pg TCDD/g egg between 2003 and 2005. Injections were made into yolk prior to incubation, and eggs were subsequently incubated and assessed weekly for mortality. Significant TCDD-induced mortality was not observed through day 25 (90% of incubation). Liver, heart, eye, and brain histology were generally unremarkable. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, a biomarker of dioxin-like compound exposure, was induced by 12-fold in the 4600 pg/g treatment relative to controls. The median lethal dose for chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs we dosed identically to wood duck eggs was about 100 pg/g, similar to other assessments of chickens. Among dioxin-like compound embryo lethality data for 15 avian genera, the wood duck 4600 pg/g no-observed-effect level ranks near the middle. Because no higher doses were tested, wood ducks may be like other waterfowl (order Anseriformes), which are comparatively tolerant to embryo mortality from polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans when exposed by egg injection.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Gary Heinz for help with data analyses. Mike and Ali Lubbock (Sylvan Heights Waterfowl), Bernie Good, Holliday Obrecht, and Frank McGilvery assisted in egg collections. Dosing solutions were prepared by Diane Nicks and John Meadows. Matti Kiupel coordinated histology. Assistance with biochemical assays and image analyses was offered by Deena Wassenberg, Ron Hardman, Jeff Whyte, and Mandy Annis. Sara Ward assisted in the field and lab. Lab space was loaned by Greg Cope, Randy Rose, and Frank Edens. Funding was provided through USFWS’s Environmental Contaminants Program (Study ID No. 200240001).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 551-F Pylon Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA

    T. P. Augspurger

  2. Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Integrated Toxicology Program, Duke University, P.O. Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    T. P. Augspurger, D. E. Hinton & R. T. Di Giulio

  3. U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 New Haven Road, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA

    D. E. Tillitt

  4. Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 2209C Anthony Hall, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA

    S. J. Bursian

  5. Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI, 48910, USA

    S. D. Fitzgerald

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  1. T. P. Augspurger
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Augspurger, T.P., Tillitt, D.E., Bursian, S.J. et al. Embryo Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin to the Wood Duck (Aix sponsa). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 55, 659–669 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-008-9198-2

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