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Opportunities in multidimensional trace metal imaging: taking copper-associated disease research to the next level

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Abstract

Copper plays an important role in numerous biological processes across all living systems predominantly because of its versatile redox behavior. Cellular copper homeostasis is tightly regulated and disturbances lead to severe disorders such as Wilson disease and Menkes disease. Age-related changes of copper metabolism have been implicated in other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease. The role of copper in these diseases has been a topic of mostly bioinorganic research efforts for more than a decade, metal–protein interactions have been characterized, and cellular copper pathways have been described. Despite these efforts, crucial aspects of how copper is associated with Alzheimer disease, for example, are still only poorly understood. To take metal-related disease research to the next level, emerging multidimensional imaging techniques are now revealing the copper metallome as the basis to better understand disease mechanisms. This review describes how recent advances in X-ray fluorescence microscopy and fluorescent copper probes have started to contribute to this field, specifically in Wilson disease and Alzheimer disease. It furthermore provides an overview of current developments and future applications in X-ray microscopic methods.

3 mm × 3 mm P, Fe, and Cu elemental maps of a lateral ventricle from a mouse brain. An H & E image is shown for comparison. The images are displayed as red temperature maps where lighter color indicates higher elemental concentration. The image emphasizes the power of XFM: the copper distribution around the lateral ventricle is extremely heterogenous with local copper concentrations exceeding 25 mM while the average is approximately 100 μM.

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Notes

  1. One exciting development with regard to X-ray sources is the X-ray free-electron laser. X-ray free-electron lasers produce X-ray pulses with peak intensities that are approximately 109 times more intense than synchrotron radiation [28]. The main application of X-ray free-electron lasers is the determination of protein crystal structures from microcrystals or nanocrystals [29, 30]. In such an application (at least for now) X-ray free-electron lasers are used to collect X-ray diffraction patterns.

Abbreviations

Aβ:

Amyloid β

FTIRM:

Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy

LA-ICPMS:

Laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry

PIXE:

Proton-induced X-ray emission

SIMS:

Secondary ion mass spectrometry

XANES:

X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy

XFM:

X-ray fluorescence microscopy

XRM:

X-ray microscopy

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Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the use of the facilities at the Advanced Photon Source. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant GM090016 to M.R. The use of the Advanced Photon Source was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science contract DE-AC-02-6CH11357.

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  1. X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA

    Stefan Vogt

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA

    Martina Ralle

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  1. Stefan Vogt
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Correspondence to Martina Ralle.

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Published in the topical collection Metallomics with guest editors Uwe Karst and Michael Sperling.

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Vogt, S., Ralle, M. Opportunities in multidimensional trace metal imaging: taking copper-associated disease research to the next level. Anal Bioanal Chem 405, 1809–1820 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-6437-1

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