Abstract
Nicotine has a long and storied history in physiology and pharmacology. Historically, it has been used as a tool to explore the nervous system, studied for its role in tobacco use, and more recently examined for its diverse potential medicinal uses. Psychopharmacology research has been pivotal in the science foundation for nicotine and tobacco product regulation.
References
American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Third edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
Benowitz NL, Hall SM, Herning RI, Jacob P III, Jones RT, Osman AL (1983) Smokers of low-yield cigarettes do not consume less nicotine. N Engl J Med 309:139–142
Collins AC, Romm E, Wehner JM (1988) Nicotine tolerance: an analysis of the time course of its development and loss in the rat. Psychopharmacology 96:7–14
Corrigall WA (1999) Nicotine self-administration in animals as a dependence model. Nicotine Tob Res 1:11–20
Daynard RA (2004) Roles of tobacco litigation and societal change. In: Boyle P, Gray N, Henningfield JE, Seffrin J, Zatonski W (eds) Tobacco and public health: science and policy. Oxford Univ Press, Oxford, UK, pp 695–705
DeNoble VJ, Mele PC (2006) Intravenous nicotine self-administration in rats: effects of mecamylamine, hexamethonium and naloxone. Psychopharmacology — PRESENT ISSUE
Drobes D, Klein LC (2004) Research on nicotine and tobacco: a decade of progress. Nicotine Tob Res 6:695–741
Ferno O (1973) A substitute for tobacco smoking. Psychopharmacologia 31:201–204
Ferno O (1977) The Development of a chewing gum containing nicotine and some comments on the role played by nicotine in the smoking habit. In: Steinfeld J, Griffiths W, Ball K, Taylor RM (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd world conference on smoking and health. Smoking & health. US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, DC, pp 569–573
Finnegan JK, Larson PS, Haag HB (1945) The role of nicotine in the cigarette habit. Science 102:94–96
Food and Drug Administration (1995) Regulations restricting the sale and distribution of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products to protect children and adolescents; proposed rule analysis regarding FDA’s jurisdiction over nicotine-containing cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products; notice. Fed Regist 60:41314–41792
Food and Drug Administration (1996) Regulations restricting the sale and distribution of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco to protect children and adolescents; final rule. Fed Regist 61:44396–45318
Goldberg SR, Spealman RD, Goldberg DM (1981) Persistent behavior at high rate maintained by intravenous self-administration of nicotine. Science 214:573–575
Goldberg SR, Spealman RD, Risner ME, Henningfield JE (1983) Control of behavior by intravenous nicotine injections in laboratory animals. Pharmacol Biochem Behave 19:1011–1020
Griffiths RR, Henningfield JE (1982) Experimental analysis of human cigarette smoking behavior. Fed Proc 41:234–240
Gritz ER (1980) Smoking behavior and tobacco use. In: Mello NK (ed) Advances in substance abuse. JAI Press Inc., Greenwich, CT, pp 91–158
Grunberg NE, Popp KA, Bowen DJ, Nespor SM, Winders SE, Eury SE (1988) Effects of chronic nicotine administration on insulin, glucose, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Life Sci 42:161–170
Hall SM, Tunstall CD, Ginsberg D, Benowitz NL, Jones RT (1987) Nicotine gum and behavioral treatment: a placebo controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 55:603–605
Harris LS (1988) Problems of drug dependence 1987, NIDA research monograph no. 81, proceedings of the 49th annual scientific meeting, the committee on problems of drug dependence, Inc. Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD
Hatsukami DK, Giovino GA, Eissenberg T, Clark PI, Lawrence D, Leischow S (2005) Methods to assess potential reduced exposure products. Nicotine Tob Res 7:827–844
Hatsukami DK, Hughes JR, Pickens RW, Svikis D (1984) Tobacco withdrawal symptoms: an experimental analysis. Psychopharmacology 84:231–236
Henningfield JE (1984) Behavioral Pharmacology of Cigarette Smoking. In: Thompson T, Dews PB, Barrett JE (eds) Advances in Behavioral Pharmacology, vol 4. Academic, New York, pp 131–210
Henningfield JE (1995) Statement of David Kessler, Commissioner of Food and Drugs, Food and Drug Administration, Accompanied by Jack E. Henningfield, Chief, Clinical Pharmacology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, Second Session. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp 36–37
Henningfield JE (2004) Written direct examination of Jack E. Henningfield, PhD. submitted by the United States pursuant to order #471; United States District Court for the District of Columbia, United States, Plaintiff, versus Philip Morris USA Inc., et al. Defendants. Available at: http://www.usdoj.gov/civil/cases/tobacco2/Henningfield%20Written%20Direct.pdf
Henningfield JE, Goldberg SR (1983) Nicotine as a reinforcer in human subjects and laboratory animals. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 19:989–992
Henningfield JE, Hartel CR (1999) Scientific basis for tobacco policy: nicotine research travails. In: Glantz MD, Hartel CR (eds) Drug Abuse: Origins and Interventions. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp 431–446
Henningfield JE, Zeller M (2002) Could science-based regulation make tobacco products less addictive? Yale J Health Policy Law Ethics III:127–138
Henningfield JE, Miyasato K, Jasinski DR (1983) Cigarette smokers self-administer intravenous nicotine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 19:887–890
Henningfield JE, Miyasato K, Jasinski DR (1985) Abuse liability and pharmacodynamic characteristics of intravenous and inhaled nicotine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 234:1–12
Henningfield JE, London ED, Jaffe JH (1987) Nicotine Reward: Studies of Abuse Liability and Physical Dependence Potential. In: Engel J, Orleand L (eds) Brain Reward Systems and Abuse. Raven Press, New York, NY, pp 147–164
Henningfield JE, Keenan RM, Clarke PBS (1996) Nicotine. In: Schuster CR, Kuhar MJ (eds) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 214–271
Henningfield JE, Benowitz NL, Connolly GN, Davis RM, Gray N, Myers ML, Zeller M (2004) Reducing tobacco addiction through tobacco product regulation. Tob Control 13:132–135
Henningfield JE, Burns DM, Dybing E (2005a) Guidance for research and testing to reduce tobacco toxicant exposure. Nicotine Tob Res 7(6):821–826
Henningfield JE, Fant RV, Buchhalter AR, Stitzer ML (2005b) Pharmacotherapy of nicotine dependence. CA: A cancer journal for clinicians. CA Cancer J Clin 55:281–299
Hughes JR, Hatsukami D (1986) Signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43:289–294
Hurt RD, Robertson CR (1998) Prying open the door to the tobacco industry’s secrets about nicotine: the Minnesota Tobacco Trial. JAMA 280:1173–1181
Jaffe JH, Jarvik ME (1978) Tobacco Use and Tobacco Disorder. In: Lipton MA, DiMascio A, Killam KF (eds) Psychopharmacology: a Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York, NY, pp 1665–1676
Jarvik ME (1977) Biological factors underlying the smoking habit. In: Jarvik ME, Cullen JW, Gritz ER, Vogt TM, West LJ (eds) Research on smoking behavior. NIDA research monograph 17. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, DC, pp 122–148
Jarvik ME, Cullen, JW, Gritz ER, Vogt TM, West LJ (1977) Research on smoking behavior, NIDA Research Monograph 17. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. DHEW Publication No. (ADM), Washington, DC, pp 78–581
Johnston LM, Glasg MB (1941) Tobacco smoking and nicotine. Lancet 1:867
Kessler DA (1995) Statement of David Kessler, Commissioner of Food and Drugs, Food and Drug Administration, Accompanied by Jack E. Henningfield, Chief, Clinical Pharmacology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, Second Session. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp 28–43
Kessler DA (2001) A Question of Intent: a Great American Battle With a Deadly Industry. Public Affairs, New York, NY
Koop CE (2003) Tobacco addiction: accomplishments and challenges in science, health, and policy. Nicotine Tob Res 5:613–619
Koop EC (2004) Tobacco: the public health disaster of the twentieth century. In: Boyle P, Gray N, Henningfield JE, Seffrin J, Zatonski W (eds) Tobacco and public health: science and policy. Oxford Univ Press, Oxford, UK, pp v–xvii
Krasnegor NA (1979a) Cigarette smoking as a dependence process, NIDA research monograph no. 23. Public Health Service, Department of Health Education, and Welfare, Washington, DC
Krasnegor NA (1979b) The behavioral aspects of smoking, NIDA Research Monograph No. 26. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
Langley JN (1905) On the reaction of cells and of nerve-endings to certain poisons, chiefly as regards the reaction of striated muscle to nicotine and to curari. J Physiol (London) 33:374–413
Lewin L (1998) Phantastica: a classic survey on the use and abuse of mind-altering plants. Park Street, Rochester, VT
London ED, Connolly RJ, Szikszay M, Wamsley JK, Dam M (1988) Effects of nicotine on local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat. J Neurosci 8:3920–3928
Marks MJ, Stitzel JA, Romm E, Wehner JM, Collins AC (1986) Nicotinic binding sites in rat and mouse brain: comparison of acetylcholine, nicotine, and alpha-bungarotoxin. Mol Pharmacol 30:427–436
Myers ML (2002) Could product regulation result in less hazardous tobacco products? Yale J Health Policy Law Ethics III:139–147
National Cancer Institute (2001) Risks associated with smoking cigarettes with low machine-measured yields of tar and nicotine, smoking and tobacco control monograph 13. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
National Institute on Drug Abuse (1984) Drug Abuse and Drug Abuse Research. Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD
Overton DA (1969) Control of T-maze choice by nicotinic, antinicotinic, and antimuscarinic drugs. Proceedings of the 77th annual American psychological association convention, American Psychological Association, Washington DC
Perkins KA, DiMarco A, Grobe JE, Scierka A, Stiller RL (1994a) Nicotine discrimination in male and female smokers. Psychopharmacology 116:407–413
Perkins KA, Sexton JE, Reynolds WA, Grobe JE, Fonte C, Stiller RL (1994b) Comparison of acute subjective and heart rate effects of nicotine intake via tobacco smoking versus nasal spray. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 47:295–299
Pinney JM (1979) Preface. In: Krasnegor NA (ed) Cigarette smoking as a dependence process. NIDA research monograph no. 23. Public Health Service, US Department of Health Education and Welfare, Washington, DC, pp vii–viii
Posselt W, Reimann L (1828) Chemische untersuchungen des tabaks und darstellung des eigenthumlichen wirksamen princips dieser pflanze. Geigers Magazin der Pharmazie 24:138–161
Pomerleau OF, Hughes JR (2005) With a little help from its friends: a brief history of the society for research on nicotine and tobacco. Available at: http://www.srnt.org/about/history/briefhist.htm
Rose JE, Jarvik ME, Rose KD (1984) Transdermal administration of nicotine. Drug Alcohol Depend 13:209–213
Rosecrans JA, Kallman MJ, Glennon R (1978) The Nicotine Cue: an Overview. In: Colpaert FC, Rosecrans JA (eds) Stimulus Properties of Drugs: Ten Years of Progress. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, NL, pp 69–81
Russell MAH (1971) Cigarette smoking: natural history of a dependence disorder. Br J Med Psychol 44:1–16
Russell MAH (1979) Tobacco Dependence: Is Nicotine Rewarding or Aversive? In: Krasnegor NA (ed) Cigarette Smoking As a Dependence Process. NIDA Research Monograph 23. Public Health Service, US Department of Health Education and Welfare, Washington, DC 100–122
Russell MAH (1988) Nicotine replacement: the role of blood nicotine levels, their rate of change, and nicotine tolerance. In: Pomerleau OF, Pomerleau CS, Fagerstrom KO, Henningfield JE, Hughes JR (eds) Nicotine replacement: a critical evaluation. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, NY 63–94
Russell MA (1991) The future of nicotine replacement. Br J Addict 86:653–658
Schneider NG, Jarvik ME, Forsythe AB (1984) Nicotine vs. placebo gum in the alleviation of withdrawal during smoking cessation. Addict Behav 9:149–156
Schwartz JL (1987) Review and Evaluation of Smoking Cessation Methods: the United States and Canada, 1979–1985. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, NIH Publication No. 87–2940, Rockville, MD
Schwartz RD, Kellar KJ (1983) Nicotinic cholinergic receptor binding sites in the brain: regulation in vivo. Science 220:214–216
Shiffman SM, Jarvik ME (1976) Smoking withdrawal symptoms in two weeks of abstinence. Psychopharmacology 50:35–39
Slade J, Bero LA, Hanauer P, Barnes DE, Glantz SA (1995) Nicotine and addiction. The Brown and Williamson documents. JAMA 274:225–233
Stolerman IP, Goldfarb T, Fink R, Jarvik ME (1973) Influencing cigarette smoking with nicotine antagonists. Psychopharmacology 28:247–259
US Department of Health Education and Welfare (1964) Smoking and health: report of the advisory committee to the surgeon general of the public health service. US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington DC
US Department of Health and Human Services (1984) Why people smoke cigarettes. PHS 83–50195, pp1–5
US Department of Health and Human Services (1988) The health consequences of smoking: nicotine addiction. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Health Promotion and Education, Office on Smoking and Health, Rockville, MD
US Department of Health Education and Welfare (1979) Smoking and health, a report of the surgeon general. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
Vagg R, Chapman S (2005) Nicotine analogues: a review of tobacco industry research interests. Addiction 100:701–712
World Health Organization (2001) Advancing Knowledge on Regulating Tobacco Products. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2001/WHO_NMH_TFI_01.2.pdf
World Health Organization (2005) WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Document Production Services (available at: http://www.who.int/tobacco/framework/en/)
World Health Organization Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (2004) Recommendation: Guiding Principles for the Development of Tobacco Product Research and Testing Capacity and Proposed Protocols for the Initiation of Tobacco Product Testing. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Acknowledgements
Jack Henningfield was supported by The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Innovators Awards Program in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He and Mitch Zeller provide consulting services to GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare for smoking control medicines. Jack Henningfield has a financial interest in a smoking control medicine. Sara Hughes assisted in preparation and review of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Henningfield, J.E., Zeller, M. Nicotine psychopharmacology research contributions to United States and global tobacco regulation: a look back and a look forward. Psychopharmacology 184, 286–291 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0308-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0308-4