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The Rožná uranium deposit (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic): shear zone-hosted, late Variscan and post-Variscan hydrothermal mineralization

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Abstract

Three major mineralization events are recorded at the Rožná uranium deposit (total mine production of 23,000 t U, average grade of 0.24% U): (1) pre-uranium quartz-sulfide and carbonate-sulfide mineralization, (2) uranium, and (3) post-uranium quartz-carbonate-sulfide mineralization. (1) K–Ar ages for white mica from wall rock alteration of the pre-uranium mineralization style range from 304.5 ± 5.8 to 307.6 ± 6.0 Ma coinciding with the post-orogenic exhumation of the Moldanubian orogenic root and retrograde-metamorphic equilibration of the high-grade metamorphic host rocks. The fluid inclusion record consists of low-salinity aqueous inclusions, together with H2O-CO2-CH4, CO2-CH4, and pure CH4 inclusions. The fluid inclusion, paragenetic, and isotope data suggest that the pre-uranium mineralization formed from a reduced low-salinity aqueous fluid at temperatures close to 300°C. (2) The uraniferous hydrothermal event is subdivided into the pre-ore, ore, and post-ore substages. K–Ar ages of pre-ore authigenic K-feldspar range from 296.3 ± 7.5 to 281.0 ± 5.4 Ma and coincide with the transcurrent reorganization of crustal blocks of the Bohemian Massif and with Late Stephanian to Early Permian rifting. Massive hematitization, albitization, and desilicification of the pre-ore altered rocks indicate an influx of oxidized basinal fluids to the crystalline rocks of the Moldanubian domain. The wide range of salinities of fluid inclusions is interpreted as a result of the large-scale mixing of basinal brines with meteoric water. The cationic composition of these fluids indicates extensive interaction with crystalline rocks. Chlorite thermometry yielded temperatures of 260°C to 310°C. During this substage, uranium was probably leached from the Moldanubian crystalline rocks. The hydrothermal alteration of the ore substage followed, or partly overlapped in time, the pre-ore substage alteration. K–Ar ages of illite from ore substage alteration range from 277.2 ± 5.5 to 264.0 ± 4.3 Ma and roughly correspond with the results of chemical U–Pb dating of authigenic monazite (268 ± 50 Ma). The uranium ore deposition was accompanied by large-scale decomposition of biotite and pre-ore chlorite to Fe-rich illite and iron hydrooxides. Therefore, it is proposed that the deposition of uranium ore was mostly in response to the reduction of the ore-bearing fluid by interaction with ferrous iron-bearing silicates (biotite and pre-ore chlorite). The Th data on primary, mostly aqueous, inclusions trapped in carbonates of the ore substage range between 152°C and 174°C and total salinity ranges over a relatively wide interval of 3.1 to 23.1 wt% NaCl eq. Gradual reduction of the fluid system during the post-ore substage is manifested by the appearance of a new generation of authigenic chlorite and pyrite. Chlorite thermometry yielded temperatures of 150°C to 170°C. Solid bitumens that post-date uranium mineralization indicate radiolytic polymerization of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons and their derivatives. The origin of the organic compounds can be related to the diagenetic and catagenetic transformation of organic matter in Upper Stephanian and Permian sediments. (3) K–Ar ages on illite from post-uranium quartz-carbonate-sulfide mineralization range from 233.7 ± 4.7 to 227.5 ± 4.6 Ma and are consistent with the early Tethys-Central Atlantic rifting and tectonic reactivation of the Variscan structures of the Bohemian Massif. A minor part of the late Variscan uranium mineralization was remobilized during this hydrothermal event.

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Acknowledgments

This study is based on results of tens of unpublished, and formerly held secret, reports available exclusively from the archives of the Diamo State Enterprise. For many years, the deposit was studied by Russian geologists, i.e., I.M. Bayushkin, V. Ye. Boytsov, J.M. Dymkov, P.A. Ivanov, B.P. Yurgenson, V.S. Katargin and, at different stages of exploitation, by Czech geologists, i.e., F. Fediuk, J. Komínek, M. Kvaček, J. Malec, F. Novák, P. Pauliš, V. Rozhoň, Z. Uhlík, S. Vilhelm, J. Vokoun, V. Zrůstek, and many others. The present paper could have never originated without their detailed geological, mineralogical, and structural studies.

The manuscript benefited from reviews by M. Pagel and an anonymous reviewer. Last but not the least, we wish to thank P. Sulovský and J. Zimák for their interpretation of chlorite chemistry, I. Vavřín, Z. Korbelová, and V. Šrein for microprobe analyses, J. Schneeweis for Mössbauer spectra of phyllosilicates, B. Humer for the determination of chemical U–Pb ages of monazite, and J. Adamovič for his English corrections.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, 118 21, Prague 1, Czech Republic

    Bohdan Kříbek, Karel Žák & Petr Dobeš

  2. Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic

    Jaromír Leichmann

  3. Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic

    Marta Pudilová

  4. Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, V Holešovičkách 41, 182 09, Prague 8, Czech Republic

    Miloš René

  5. Jižní 63/19, 460 14, Liberec, Czech Republic

    Bohdan Scharm & Marta Scharmová

  6. Diamo, S. E., Branch GEAM, 592 51, Dolní Rožínka, Czech Republic

    Antonín Hájek & Daniel Holeczy

  7. Octavia AG, Marie-Calm Str. 1, 34131, Kassel, Germany

    Ulrich F. Hein

  8. Institute of Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Technical University of Clausthal, Adolph Roemer Str. 2A, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany

    Bernd Lehmann

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Kříbek, B., Žák, K., Dobeš, P. et al. The Rožná uranium deposit (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic): shear zone-hosted, late Variscan and post-Variscan hydrothermal mineralization. Miner Deposita 44, 99–128 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-008-0188-0

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