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Tiefe Hirnstimulation bei Morbus Parkinson: wann und für wen?

Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease: timing and patient selection

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Zusammenfassung

Die tiefe Hirnstimulation (THS) stellt eine effektive und evidenzbasierte Therapieoption in der Behandlung der Parkinson-Erkrankung dar. Studien haben belegt, dass die THS gute und langanhaltende Effekte auf die Motorik und die Lebensqualität der Patienten in einem fortgeschrittenen Krankheitsstadium hat und einer rein medikamentösen Therapie überlegen ist. Erst kürzlich konnte nun auch eine positive Wirkung der THS in einem früheren Stadium der Erkrankung nachgewiesen werden. Dem stehen die Risiken und Nebenwirkungen des Verfahrens gegenüber, die sich als prozedural-assoziierte Komplikationen, wie Blutungen und Infektionen, aber auch als therapieassoziierte Phänomene, wie etwa neuropsychiatrische Störungen und motorische Nebenwirkungen, manifestieren können. Trotz der guten Wirksamkeit der THS bleiben weiterhin wichtige klinische Fragen offen, denen sich diese Übersichtsarbeit unter Berücksichtigung neuer randomisierter, kontrollierter Studien widmet.

Nach diesen Studien ist die THS der besten medikamentösen Behandlung schon früher im Krankheitsverlauf, nämlich beim ersten Auftreten von Wirkfluktuationen oder Dyskinesien, überlegen und kann somit schon zu diesem Zeitpunkt als Therapieoption in Erwägung gezogen werden. Die strenge Indikationsstellung ist ebenso wie der Ausschluss von Kontraindikationen für den Erfolg der Intervention entscheidend. Die Wahl des Zielpunktes sollte sich an der individuellen Symptomausprägung des Patienten ausrichten, wobei sich der Nucleus subthalamicus (STN) als Standardziel etabliert hat. In jedem Fall müssen eine individuelle Abwägung von Chancen und Risiken erfolgen und mit dem Patienten eine realistische Zielsetzung sowie angemessene Erwartungen formuliert werden.

Summary

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective and evidence-based treatment option for Parkinson’s disease. Studies have shown that DBS has good and long-term effects on motor function and quality of life for patients in an advanced stage of the disease and that it is more effective than medical therapy alone. Moreover, a favorable effect of DBS could also be detected at an earlier stage of the disease. On the other hand, possible risks and side effects of the procedure need to be taken into consideration. These can manifest as procedure-related complications, such as bleeding and infections in addition to stimulation-associated phenomena, such as neuropsychiatric disorders and motor side effects. Despite the good effects of DBS important issues still need to be addressed which will be discussed in this article considering the results of several new randomized and controlled clinical studies.

For patients with Parkinson’s disease with early fluctuations and dyskinesia, DBS has been found to be superior to the best pharmaceutical treatment; therefore, DBS can be considered as a treatment option in the earlier course of the disease. The diagnostic evaluation and the exclusion of contraindications are crucial for patient selection. The choice of the target should be based on the individual symptoms in patients although the subthalamic nucleus (STN) can be considered the standard target. In every case an individual assessment of chances and risks must be conducted and realistic goals and reasonable expectations must be defined.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. R. Erasmi erhielt Referentenhonorare von Medtronic sowie Reisekostenunterstützung von Medtronic und Allergan. K. Witt hat Reisekostenunterstützungen von Medtronic, UCB, GlaxoSmithKline sowie Referentenhonorare von UCB, GlaxoSmithKline, Desitin und Teva sowie Buchhonorare von Elsevier erhalten. Er erhält Forschungsförderungen von BMBF und der DFG. G. Deuschl hat Vortragshonorare von Desitin, UCB und Medtronic sowie Buchhonorare von Thieme und Elsevier erhalten. Er hat Beratertätigkeit für Sapiens, Medtronic, TEVA und Britannica erbracht und Forschungsunterstützung von DFG, BMBF und Medtronic erhalten. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Erasmi, R., Deuschl, G. & Witt, K. Tiefe Hirnstimulation bei Morbus Parkinson: wann und für wen?. Nervenarzt 85, 137–146 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-013-3876-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-013-3876-7

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