Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Die tiefe Hirnstimulation bei psychiatrischen Erkrankungen

Historische Grundlagen

Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders

Historical basis

  • Übersichten
  • Published:
Der Nervenarzt Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Die für Bewegungsstörungen wie M. Parkinson bereits etablierte und nachgewiesenermaßen wirksame tiefe Hirnstimulation (THS) wird zunehmend auch als Therapiemöglichkeit für psychische Erkrankungen in Betracht gezogen. Da sich auch für dieses Anwendungsgebiet vielversprechende Behandlungsergebnisse bei anderweitig therapieresistenten psychiatrischen Erkrankungen häufen, stößt die THS sowohl vonseiten der Grundlagenforschung als auch im Bereich der klinischen Versorgung auf zunehmendes Interesse. Gleichwohl handelt es sich bei dem Stimulationssystem um ein neurochirurgisch zu implantierendes Medizinprodukt – eine Tatsache, die nicht selten dazu veranlasst, Analogien zu früheren psychochirurgischen Ansätzen der Ära Freeman zu ziehen. Zeigt man jedoch die historische Entwicklung der THS auf, was mit der vorliegenden systematischen, literaturgestützten Übersichtsarbeit beabsichtigt ist, wird deutlich, dass dieses Therapieverfahren keineswegs ausschließlich aus dem unrühmlichen Zeitalter der Psychochirurgie hervorging. Vielmehr sind zwei andere, zum Teil parallel verlaufende Entwicklungsstränge zu berücksichtigen, auf denen das moderne Verfahren der THS basiert: Dabei handelt es sich einerseits um die läsionellen neurochirurgischen Verfahren wie Kapsulotomie oder Zingulotomie, die im Gegensatz zu den psychochirurgischen Eingriffen der Ära Freeman subkortikale Strukturen betreffen und wichtige Grundlagen für die Zielpunktauswahl bei der THS lieferten, sowie andererseits um die Verwendung elektrischer Ladung zur Stimulation neuronaler Netzwerke.

Abstract

Deep brain stimulation (DBS), which is already established as an effective treatment for movement disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, is increasingly being considered as a therapy option for mental diseases. Due to the increasing number of successful applications of DBS for otherwise therapy-resistant psychiatric diseases, DBS is becoming more and more of interest in fields of fundamental research as well as clinical care. However, the stimulation system is a medical product which has to be neurosurgically implanted and this fact is often used to draw certain analogies to earlier psychosurgical approaches in the era of Freeman. But, looking at the historical development of DBS, as is the aim of the present systematic and literature-based overview, it becomes obvious that DBS did not arise exclusively from the inglorious period of psychosurgery. In fact, two partly in parallel evolving lines of medical progress have contributed to the development of DBS as it is applied today. One of these lines is the use of lesional neurosurgical procedures, such as incision of capsules and cingulotomy, which in contrast to psychosurgical interventions in the era of Freeman, is aimed at subcortical structures and provides important basic knowledge for the choice of target points. In addition DBS is rooted in the application of an electrical charge with the goal to stimulate neuronal networks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Abb. 1

Literatur

  1. Alt KW, Jeunesse C, Buitrago-Tellez CH et al (1997) Evidence for stone age cranial surgery. Nature 387:360

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Anonymous (1949) News and views. Nobel prize for physiology and medicine for 1949. Nature 164:947

    Google Scholar 

  3. Antunes JL (2000) Psicocirurgia – uma história. In: Antunes JL (ed) Numa cidade feliz, Gravida, Lisboa, pp 225–248

  4. Baer L, Rauch SL, Ballantine HT Jr et al (1995) Cingulotomy for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder prospective long-term follow-up of 18 patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:384–392

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Baumeister A (2000) The tulane electrical brain stimulation program – a historical case study in medical ethics. J Hist Neurosci 9:262–278

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bechtereva NP, Bondartchuk AN, Smirnov VM et al (1975) Method of electrostimulation of the deep brain structures in treatment of some chronic diseases. Confin Neurol 37:136–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bejjani BP, Damier P, Arnulf I et al (1999) Transient acute depression induced by high-frequency deep-brain stimulation. N Engl J Med 340:1476–1480

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Benabid AL, Pollak P, Loveau A et al (1987) Combined (thalamotomy and stimulation) stereotactic surgery oft he VIM thalamic nucleus for bilateral Parkinson disease. Appl Neurophysiol 50:344–346

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Berrios GE (1997) The origins of psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz. Hist Psychiatry 8:61–81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Binder DK, Iskandar BJ (2000) Modern neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders. Neurosurgery 47:9–21; discussion 21–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bridges PK, Bartlett JR, Hale AS et al (1994) Psychosurgery: stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy. An indispensable treatment. Br J Psychiatry 165:599–611; discussion 612–593

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Broca PP (1861) Remarques sur le siège de la faculté du langage articulé, suivies d‘une observation d‘aphémie (perte de la parole). Bull Soc Anat 6 330–357

    Google Scholar 

  13. Burckhard G (1891) Über Rindenexcisionen, als Beitrag zur operativen Therapie der Psychosen. Allg Z Psychiatry 47:463–548

    Google Scholar 

  14. Cooper IS, Upton AR, Amin I (1982) Chronic cerebellar stimulation (CCS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) in involuntary movement disorders. Appl Neurophysiol 45:209–217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Cosgrove GR, Rauch SL (1995) Psychosurgery. Neurosurg Clin N Am 6:167–176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Cosgrove GR, Rauch SL (2003) Stereotactic cingulotomy. Neurosurg Clin N Am 14:225–235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Damasio H, Grabowski T, Frank R et al (1994) The return of Phineas Gage: clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient. Science 264:1102–1105

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Delgado JM, Hamlin H, Chapman WP (1952) Technique of intracranial electrode implacement for recording and stimulation and its possible therapeutic value in psychotic patients. Conf Neurol 12:315–319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Delgado JM, Anshem RN (1969) Physical control of the mind: toward a psychocivilized society. Harper & Row, New York

  20. Deuschl G, Schade-Brittinger C, Krack P et al (2006) A randomized trial of deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 355:896–908; erratum in 355:1289

    Google Scholar 

  21. Deutsch A (1937) The mentally ill in America. Doubleday, New York

  22. Elger G, Hoppe C, Falkai P et al (2000) Vagus nerve stimulation is associated with mood improvements in epilepsy patients. Epilepsy Res 42:203–210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Feldman RP, Alterman RL, Goodrich JT (2001) Contemporary psychosurgery and look to the future. J Neurosurg 95:944–956

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ferrier D (1880) Die Localisation der Hirnerkrankungen (Hinterberger Collection, Item 41). Vieweg, Braunschweig

  25. Fiamberti AM (1937) Proposta di una tecnica operatoria modificata e semplificata per gli interventi alla Moniz sui lobi frontali in malati di menti. Rass Studi Psichiat 26:797

    Google Scholar 

  26. Foster ML (1977) Report of the committee of inquiry into psychosurgery. Parliamentary paper no. 177 of 1976–1977. Government Printer, New South Wales

  27. Freeman W, Watts J (1949) Psychochirurgie: Intelligenz, Gefühlserleben und soziales Verhalten nach praefrontaler Lobotomie bei Geistesstörungen. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart

  28. Fritsch G, Hitzig E (1870) Über die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns. Arch Anat Physiol 3:300–332

    Google Scholar 

  29. Fulton JF, Jacobson CF (1935) The functions of the frontal lobes: a comparative study in monkeys, chimpanzees, and man. Abstract of the Second International Neurological Congress, London

  30. Göktepe EO, Young LB, Bridges PK (1975) A further review of the results of stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy. Br J Psychiatry 126:270–280

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Greenberg BD, Dougherty D, Rauch SL (o J) Neurosurgical treatments: lesion procedures and deep brain stimulation. In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P (eds) Kaplan & Sadock’s comprehensive textbook of psychiatry, 9. edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore/MD, pp 3314–3322

  32. Groß D (2006) Von der Topektomie zur modernen Stereotaxie: die Geschichte psychochirurgischer Interventionen. In: Groß D, Müller S (Hrsg) Sind die Gedanken frei? Die Neurowissenschaften in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

  33. Haddenbrock S (1949) Radikaloperation durch Defrontalisation? Theoretisches und Kritisches zur präfrontalen Leukotomie (Moniz). Med Klin 44(3):69–74

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hariz MI, Blomstedt P, Zrinzo L (2010) Deep brain stimulation between 1947 and 1987: the untold story. Neurosurg Focus 29:E1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Harlow JM (1868) Recovery from the passage of an iron bar through the head. Publ Mass Med Soc 2:327–347

    Google Scholar 

  36. Hassler R, Dieckmann G (1970) Stereotaxic treatment of tics and inarticulate cries or coprolalia considered as motor obsessional phenomena in Gilles de la Tourette’s disease. Rev Neurol 123:89–100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Henschen C, Klingler, Riechert T (1953) Kraniocerebrale Korrelationstopographie thalamofrontaler Bahnen und gezielte Hirnoperationen. Kritische Reflexion zur Leukotomie. Langenbecks Arch Klin Chir Ver Dtsch Z Chir 273:548–565

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hess WR (1956) Hypothalamus und Thalamus. Experimental-Dokumente. Thieme, Stuttgart

  39. Hilker R, Benecke R, Deuschl G et al (2009) Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. Consensus recommendations of the German Deep Brain Stimulation Association. Nervenarzt 80:646–655

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Hinterhuber H (2009) Neue Indikationen und ethische Implikationen der tiefen Hirn-Stimulation. Neuropsychiatrie 23:139–143

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hosobuchi Y, Adams JE, Rutkin B (1973) Chronic thalamic stimulation for the control of facial anesthesia dolorosa. Arch Neurol 29:158–161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Jacobsen CF (1935) Functions of frontal association areas in primates. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 3:58–560

    Google Scholar 

  43. Jung HH, Kim CH, Chang JH et al (2006) Bilateral anterior cingulotomy for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder long-term follow-up results. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 84:184–189

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kalinowsky LB, Hoch PH (1952) Schockbehandlungen, Psychochirurgie und andere somatische Behandlungen in der Psychiatrie. Grune & Stratton, New York

  45. Kellaway P (1946) The William Osler Medal Essay: the part played by electric fish in the early history of bioelectricity and electrotherapy. Bull Hist Med 20:112–137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Kelly D, Richardson A, Mitchell-Heggs N (1973) Stereotactic limbic leucotomy neurophysiological aspects and operative technique. Br J Psychiatry 123:133–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kim CH, Chang JW, Koo MS et al (2003) Anterior cingulotomy for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 107:283–290

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kleist K (1934) Gehirnpathologie. Vornehmlich aufgrund der Kriegserfahrungen. Barth, Leipzig

  49. Klosterkötter J (2010) Personality changes due to deep brain stimulation? Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 78:255

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Knight GC (1965) Stereotactic tractotomy in the surgical treatment of mental illness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 28:257–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Knight GC (1969) Bi-frontal stereotactic tractotomy: an atraumatic operation of value in the treatment of psychoneurosis. Br J Psychiatry 115:257–266

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Krauss JK, Volkmann J (Hrsg) (2004) Tiefe Hirnstimulation. Steinkopff, Darmstadt

  53. Kuhn J, Gaebel W, Klosterkötter J et al (2009) Deep brain stimulation as a new therapeutic approach in therapy-resistant mental disorders: ethical aspects of investigational treatment. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 259:135–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Kuhn J, Gründler TO, Lenartz D et al (2010) Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders. Dtsch Arztebl Int 107:105–113

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kuhn J, Gründler TJ, Lenartz D et al (2011) Successful deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in severe alcohol dependence is associated with changed performance monitoring. Add Biol (in press)

  56. Kuhn J, Huff W, Lee SH et al (2007) Tiefenhirnstimulation bei psychiatrischen Erkrankungen. Fort Neurol Psychol 75:447–457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Kuhn J, Lenartz D, Huff W et al (2007) Remission of an alcohol dependency following deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus accumbens – valuable therapeutic implications? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78:1152–1153

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Laxton AW, Tang-Wai DF, McAndrews MP et al (2010) A phase I trial of deep brain stimulation of memory circuits in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol 68:521–534

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Leksell L (1949) A stereotactic apparatus for intracerebral surgery. Acta Chir Scand 99:229–233

    Google Scholar 

  60. Leksell L (1959) Gezielte Hirnoperationen. Handbuch der Neurochirurgie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

  61. Leksell L (1971) Stereotaxie and radiosurgery: an operative system. Thomas, Springfield/IL

  62. Lippitz BE, Mindus P, Meyerson BA (1999) Lesion topography and outcome after thermocapsulotomy or gamma knife capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: relevance of the right hemisphere. Neurosurgery 44:452–458

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Mallet L, Mesnage V, Houeto JL et al (2002) Compulsions, Parkinson’s disease, and stimulation. Lancet 360:1302–1304

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Manjila S, Rengachary S, Xavier AR et al. (2008) Modern psychosurgery before Egas Moniz: a tribute to Gottlieb Burckhardt. Neurosurg Focus 25:E9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Mark VH, Ervin FR (1970) Violence and the brain. Harper & Row, New York

  66. Mashour GA, Walker EE, Martuza RL (2005) Psychosurgery: past, present, and future. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 48:409–419

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Mayberg HS, Brannan SK, Tekell JL (2000) Regional metabolic effects of fluoxetine in major depression: serial changes and relationship to clinical response. Biol Psychiatry 48:830–843

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Mayberg HS, Lozano AM, Voon V (2005) Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Neuron 45:651–660

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Mazars G, Mérienne L, Ciolocca C (1973) Intermittent analgesic thalamic stimulation. Rev Neurol 128:273–279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. McNeal D (1977) 2000 years of electrical stimulation. In: Hambrecht FT (ed) Functional electrical stimulation: applications in neural prostheses. Dekker, New York, pp 301–335

  71. Meyerson BA (1977) Stereotactic anterior capsulotomy in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. In: Carrera R (ed) Neurological surgery. International Congress Series No. 433. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam

  72. Meynert T (1968) Psychiatry. A clinical treatise on diseases of the fore-brain based upon a study of its structure, functions and nutrition. Hafner, New York

  73. Mitchell-Heggs N, Kelly D, Richardson A (1976) Stereotactic limbic leucotomy – a follow up at 16 months. Br J Psychol 128:226–240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Moniz E (1949) The Nobel prize in medicine [editorial]. N Engl J Med 241:1025–1026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Moniz E (1936) Tentatives opératoires dans le traitement de certaines psychoses. Masson, Paris

  76. Moniz E (1994) Prefrontal leucotomy in the treatment of mental disorders. Am J Psychiatry 151:236–239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Morgan JP (1982) The first reported case of electrical stimulation of the human brain. J Hist Med Allied Sci 37:51–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Mundinger F (1981) Die Systeme des Schmerzes und ihre therapeutische Beeinflussung durch die stereotaktische Hirnoperation. Schmerz 2:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  79. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1977) Report and recommendations: psychosurgery. US Government, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington/DC

  80. Nuttin B, Cosyns P, Demeulemeester H et al (1999) Electrical stimulation in anterior limbs of internal capsules in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet 354:1526

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Penfield W, Evans J (1935) The frontal lobe in man a clinical study of maximal removals. Brain 58:115–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Pool JL (1954) Psychosurgery in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2:456–465

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Pressman JD (1998) Last resort. Psychosurgery and the limits of medicine. Cambridge University Press, London

  84. Puusepp L (1937) Alcune considerazioni sugli interventi chirurgici nelle malattie mentali. G Accad Med 100:3–16

    Google Scholar 

  85. Rabins P, Appleby BS, Brandt J et al (2009) Scientific and ethical issues related to deep brain stimulation for disorders of mood, behavior, and thought. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:931–937

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Richardson DE, Akil H (1977) Long term results of periventricular gray self-stimulation. Neurosurgery 1:199–202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Sachdev PS, Chen X (2009) Neurosurgical treatment of mood disorders: traditional psychosurgery and the advent of deep brain stimulation. Curr Opin Psychiatry 22:25–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Schlaepfer TE, Fins JJ (2010) Deep brain stimulation and the neuroethics of responsible publishing: when one is not enough. JAMA 303:775–776

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Schlaepfer TE, Lieb K (2005) Deep brain stimulation for treatment of refractory depression. Lancet 366:1420–1422

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Schott H, Tölle R (2006) Geschichte der Psychiatrie. Krankheitslehren, Irrwege, Behandlungsformen. Beck, München

  91. Sem-Jacobsen CW (1959) Depth-electrographic observations in psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand (Suppl) 34:412–416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Sem-Jacobsen CW (1966) Depth-electrographic observations related to Parkinson’s disease. Recording and electrical stimulation in the area around the third ventricle. J Neurosurg 24:388–402

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Sem-Jacobsen CW, Styri OB (1972) Depth-electrographic stereotaxic psychosurgery. In: Hitchcock E, Laitinen L, Vaernet K (eds) Psychosurgery. Thomas, Springfield, pp 76–82

  94. Shealy CN, Mortimer JT, Hagfors NR (1970) Dorsal column electroanalgesia. J Neurosurg 32:560–564

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Shorter E (1999) Geschichte der Psychiatrie. Fest, Berlin

  96. Spiegel EA, Wycis HAT, Marks M et al (1947) Stereotaxic apparatus for operations on the human brain. Science 106:349–350

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Stahnisch F (2008) Research developments in neurostimulation after 1945: historical and ethical aspects of medical manipulations of the human brain. Wurzbg Medizinhist Mitt 27:307–346

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Ström-Olsen R, Carlisle S (1971) Bifrontal stereotactic tractotomy, a follow up study of its effects on 210 patients. Br J Psychiatry 118:141–154

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Sturm V, Lenartz D, Bührle C (2004) In: Kraus JK, Volkmann J (Hrsg) Tiefe Hirnstimulation. Steinkopff, Darmstadt, S 378–389

  100. Talairach J, Hecaen H, David M (1949) Lobotomie préfrontal limitée par électrocoagulation des fibres thalamo-frontales à leur émergence du bras antérieur de la capsule interne. 4th International Congress of Neurology. ICN, Paris

  101. Taub A, Lopes AC, Fuentes D et al (2009) Neuropsychological outcome of ventral capsular/ventral striatal gamma capsulotomy for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a pilot study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 21:393–397

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Temel Y, Visser-Vanderwalle V (2004) Surgery in Tourette syndrome. Mov Dis 19:3–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Valenstein ES (1986) Great and desperate cures. Basic Books, New York

  104. Vanderwalle V, Linden C van der, Groenewegen HJ et al. (1999) Stereotactic treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome by high frequency stimulation of thalamus. Lancet 353:724

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Waziri R (1990) Psychosurgery for anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorders. In: Burrows GD, Noyes R, Roth M (eds) Handbook of anxiety. The treatment of anxiety. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 519–535

  106. Wiesing U (2010) Careful research needed: the use of deep brain stimulation in psychiatric illnesses. Dtsch Arztebl Int 107:103–104

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Wind JJ, Anderson DE (2008) From prefrontal leucotomy to deep brain stimulation: the historical transformation of psychosurgery and the emergence of neuroethics. Neurosurg Focus 25:E10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Danksagung

Wir danken dem BMBF und der DFG, die Teile dieser Arbeit im Rahmen des deutsch-kanadischen Projekts ELSA-DBS bzw. der KFO-219 gefördert haben.

Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor weist auf folgende Beziehungen hin: L. Timmermann war als Berater für Medtronic, St. Jude Medical und Boston Scientific tätig und hat als Redner Honorare erhalten auf Symposien, die von diesen Firmen gesponsert wurden. Ferner hat L. Timmermann Forschungsgelder im Rahmen des ODIS-ET-Projekts von Medtronic erhalten. J. Kuhn ist Studienleiter in einem Investigator-initiated Trial, der von Medtronic unterstützt wird.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Köln, Deutschland

    D. Huys, M. Möller, E.-H. Kim, K. Hardenacke, W. Huff , J. Klosterkötter & J. Kuhn

  2. Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Köln, Deutschland

    L. Timmermann

  3. Forschungsstelle Ethik, Institut für Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin, Universitätsklinik Köln, Köln, Deutschland

    C. Woopen

Authors
  1. D. Huys
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Möller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. E.-H. Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. K. Hardenacke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. W. Huff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. J. Klosterkötter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. L. Timmermann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. C. Woopen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. J. Kuhn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. Huys.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Huys, D., Möller, M., Kim, EH. et al. Die tiefe Hirnstimulation bei psychiatrischen Erkrankungen. Nervenarzt 83, 1156–1168 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-011-3309-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-011-3309-4

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Search

Navigation