Abstract
There has been considerable recent interest in the biology of spiders that specialise on ants as prey, but previous studies have tended to envisage the level of adaptation as being to ants as a group. In this paper, we provide evidence that Zodarion germanicum is a spider that has dietary and venom adaptations by which it targets a particular subset of ants, the subfamily Formicinae. We reared spiders from first instar in the laboratory on three different diets: formicine ants only, myrmicine ants only and mixed (both formicine and myrmicine ants). Fitness-related life-history parameters were determined, and we found that the spiders on the formicine-only diet lived longer and grew at a faster rate. Lipid, carbon and nitrogen compositions of ants were analysed, but we found no evidence of formicines differing from myrmicines in macro-nutrient content. This suggests that effects on longevity and growth depended on more specific nutrients or on compounds the prey uses for defence. We investigated how efficient Z. germanicum was at paralysing different ants and our findings suggest that the spider’s venom is especially effective against formicines. Taken together, our findings suggest that Z. germanicum has evolved specialisation at the level of targeting a particular ant subfamily, the Formicinae.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank D. Wanacker for help with weighing spiders, C. Haddad for correction of English and an anonymous reviewer for very constructive and helpful comments that largely improved the paper. SP was supported by a grant provided by the Carlsberg Foundation and the project no. MSM0021622416 provided by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic. MH was supported by the grant no. 524/05/4536 of the Czech Science Foundation. Experiments performed comply with the current laws of the Czech Republic.
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Pekár, S., Toft, S., Hrušková, M. et al. Dietary and prey-capture adaptations by which Zodarion germanicum, an ant-eating spider (Araneae: Zodariidae), specialises on the Formicinae. Naturwissenschaften 95, 233–239 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-007-0322-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-007-0322-3