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Impfungen zum Schutz vor Atemwegsinfektionen bei Risikogruppen

Vaccination against airway infections in high-risk groups

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Unter den einer Prävention durch Impfung zugänglichen Erregern von Atemwegserkrankungen im Kindesalter sind Pneumokokken und Influenzaviren am häufigsten.

Fragestellung

Impfungen gegen Pneumokokken und Influenza werden von der STIKO (Ständige Impfkommission am Robert Koch-Institut) auch für Risikogruppen empfohlen. Wir untersuchten mittels einer Literaturrecherche, für welche Risikogruppen welche Impfstoffe in Betracht gezogen werden können.

Ergebnisse

Die STIKO gibt sowohl für Pneumokokken als auch Influenza sehr breit gefasste Empfehlungen. Alle Kinder und Jugendlichen mit gesundheitlicher Gefährdung können von beiden Impfungen profitieren. Ausdrücklich, aber nicht ausschließlich werden Patienten mit Immundefekten und mit Atemwegserkrankungen genannt. Entgegen der STIKO-Empfehlung, die bei Kindern über 5 Jahren auf die Polysaccharidvakzine verweist, scheint der Einsatz eines Konjugatimpfstoffs bei Schulkindern und Jugendlichen sinnvoll. Der nasale attenuierte Lebendimpfstoff gegen Influenza ist im Kindesalter dem konventionellen inaktivierten Impfstoff in seiner Effektivität überlegen.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die Pneumokokken- und die Influenzaimpfung könnten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit gesundheitlicher Gefährdung die Morbidität beträchtlich vermindern.

Abstract

Background

S. pneumoniae and influenza are the most common pathogens in the airways that are preventable by vaccination.

Objectives

The German Committee for Vaccinations (STIKO) also recommends vaccinations against pneumoccocci and influenza virus for subjects who are at risk. Using a literature search, we assessed which vaccines may be considered for which conditions.

Results

The STIKO gives an almost general recommendation for both pneumococcus and influenza vaccination. Children and adolescents with any condition considered a health risk may benefit from these immunisations. Namely, but not exclusively, patients with immunodeficiencies or airway diseases should be considered for vaccination. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines appear more beneficial than the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, also beyond the age of 5 years. A live attenuated influenza vaccine is more efficient than the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in children.

Conclusion

Vaccinations against pneumococci and influenza would greatly reduce morbidity caused by these pathogens in children and adolescents with chronic conditions.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. U. Baumann erhält Referentenhonorare von Pfizer und Astra Zeneca. M. Knuf war als LKP und PI bei Influenzastudien von Novartis tätig und erhielt Reisekostenerstattung und Honorare im Ad-Board sowie für Präsentationen von Astra Zeneca, Novartis, GSK (bis zum 01.04.2012). Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine eigenen Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Baumann, U., Knuf, M. Impfungen zum Schutz vor Atemwegsinfektionen bei Risikogruppen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 162, 115–121 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-013-3028-y

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