Abstract
This paper discusses evidence for plant/animal relationships in the Upper Carboniferous. Close interactions are examined from the study of fossil plants and animals preserved in coal swamp and coastal plain environments. Evidence for plant/animal interactions is in the form of: (1) animal morphology, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. The vertebrates are dominated by amphibians; however, a few reptiles are known and are mostly carnivores or insectivores. The invertebrate communities are dominated by arthropods, many of which are herbivores. Millipedes, springtails and mites are present on the forest floor and in peats, with insects dominating above ground environments. The diets of the animals have been studied using evidence from gut contents, coprolites, anatomy and comparisons to modern representatives. (2) Plant morphology, including positive stimulation (i.e., dispersal vectors) or in terms of negative stimulation such as protection against herbivory. These data include plant anatomy and morphology, evidence of herbivory in the form of chewed leaves, bored seeds and megaspores, etc. Evidence is provided that suggests that the medullosan seed fern pollen typeMonoletes may have been dispersed by animal vectors. Information on plant/animal relationships in a single environment is based on a study of coprolites extracted from permineralizations (coal balls). Assemblages of coprolites found in these coal balls suggest that they were formed principally from mites, Collembola and millipedes, and demonstrates that the association of soil arthropods, which is important in modern soil ecosystems, was already dominating similar environments in the late Carboniferous. The abundant fossil evidence for plant/animal interrelationships during the Upper Carboniferous should be evaluated when considering co-evolution.
Абстракт
В этой статье рассмат ривается очевидност ь связи растениеживотное в Верхней каменноуго льной аормации. Их тес ное взаимодействие доказывалось путем и сследования окамене лых растений и животных, сохранивш ихся в угольных топях и на береговых равнинах. Очевидност ь взаимодействия растение-животное пр оявляется в виде: 1) морфологии жив отных, включая как поз воночные так и беспозвоночные. У позвоночных домини руют земноводные, однако, известны и нек оторые пресмыкающие и, главным образом, плотоядные или насек омоядные. У беспозвон очных доминируют членистоногие, многи е из которых являются травоядными. Многоно жки, ногохвостики и клещи находятся в лесном оп аде и в торфе, в то время как насеком ые доминируют в надзе мной среде. Питание животных изучалось п утем исследования со держания кишечника, копролитов, анатомии этих животных и их сра внения с современными особями. 2) Морфологии р астений, включая поло жительную стимуляцию (т. у. перено счики распыления) или с точки зрения негативной стимуляц ии, такой как защита от травоядных. Эти данные включают анат омию и морфологию рас тений, признаки присутствия травояд ных в виде прожеванны х листьев, проеденных семян, мегаспор и т.д. Пр иводятся доказатель ства которые указывают на то, что пыльца папор отника вида Monoletes может распыляться животны ми-переносчиками. Инф ормация о связи растение-животное в е диной среде основана на изучении копролитов, выделенных из минера лизации (угольных шар иков). Скопление копролитов предпола гает, что они были обра зованы, главным образом, от клещей, чле нистоногих вида Collembola и многоножек, и доказывает, что ассо циация почвенных чле нистоногих, которая важна в современных э косистемах почвы, был а уже доминирующей в подобных условиях в поздней каменноугол ьной формации. При рассмотрении совмес тной эволюции следуе т учтиывать значительное количество окаменел остей, указывающих на взаимосвязь растениеживотное в периодуе Верхней ка менноугольной форма ции.
Resúmen
Este trabajo discute evidencias de relaciones de planta/animal en el Carbonifero Alto. Se examinan interacciones recíprocas cercanas basadas en el estudio de plantas fósiles y animales consevados en ambientes de pantanos de carbón de piedra y llanos costeros. La evidencia de interacciones planta/animal existe en la forma de: (1) morfología animal incluyendo ambos vertebrados e invertebrados. Los vertebrados están dominados por anfibios, sin embargo, se conocen algunos reptiles que son en la mayor parte carnivoros o insectívoros. Las comunidades de invertebrados están dominadas por artrópodos, muchos de los cuales son herbivoros. Milpies, colémbolos (orden Collembola) y acaros están présente sobre el suelo del bosque y en turbas con insectos dominando los ambientes sobre el suelo. Las dietas de los animales han sido estudiadas usando evidencia de contenido del intestino, coprolitos, anatomia y comparaciones con representantes modernos. (2) morfología de planta, incluyendo estimulación positiva (i.e., agentes de dispersión) o estimulación negativa (i.e., protección contra herbivorías). Estos datos incluyen anatomía y morfología de plantas, evidencia de herbívoros en la forma de hojas masticadas, semillas y megaesporas excavadas, etc. Proveemos evidencias que sugieren que el polen del tipoMonoletes de helechos de medulosa con semillas puede haber sido dispersado por agentes de dispersión animal. Informatión sobre relaciones planta/animal en un solo ambiente está apoyado en un estudio de coprolitos sacado de permineralizaciones (bolas de carbón). Conjuntos de coprolitos sugieren que fueron formados principalmente de acaros, colémbolos (orden Collembola), y milipies, y demuestran que la asociación de artrópodos del suelo, que es importante en los ecosistemas de suelos modernos, ya había dominado ambientes semejantes a fines del Carbonífere La abundante evidencia fosíl de interrelaciones planta/animal durante el Carbonífero Alto debe ser evaluada cuando se considera la co-evolución.
Zusammenfassung
Der vorliegende Beitrag erörtert Beweismaterial für Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Pflanzen und Tieren im oberen Karbon. Enge Interaktionen sind durch das Studium fossiler Pflanzen und Tiere, die in Kohlsumpf-und Kustenebenen-Gemeinschaften konserviert wurden, beschrieben. Beweise für Interaktionen zwischen Pflanzen und Tieren treten in folgenden Formen auf: 1) Morphologie der Tiere, einschliesslich Vertebraten und Invertebraten. Amphibien sind die vorherrschended Vertebraten; auch einige Reptilien sind bekannt, diese sind aber meistens Carnivoren oder Insektivoren. Arthropoden dominieren die Invertebraten Gemeinschaften, und viele unter ihnen sind Herbivoren. Doppelfüssler, Springschwänze, Milben und Zecken in Mooren und Waldböden anzutreffen, während Insekten die höheren Schichtendominieren. Die Nahrung der Tiere wurde durch Analyse von Darminhalten, Koprolithen, Anatomie und Vergleiche zu modernen Vertretern studiert. 2) Morphologie der Pflanzen, einschliesslich positive (z.B. Verbreitungsvektoren) und negative Stimulation, wie Schutz vor Herbivoren. Diese Resultate schliessen Pflanzen Anatomie, Morphologie, Nachweis von Herbivoren in Form angefressener Blatter und eingebohrter Samen und Megasporen, etc. ein. Beweise, die Vermutung dass der Pollen der Medullosen Farnsamer des TypenMonoletes mit Hilfe von Tiervektoren verbreitet wurden nahelegen, sind gegeben. Informationen über Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Pflanzen und Tierenin einer bestimmten Umgebung sind auf das Studium der Koprolithen gestützt, die aus Permineralisationen (Dolomitknollen) extraktiert wurden. Anhaufungen von Koprolithen deuten dahin, dass sie vorallem von Milben, Zecken, Springschwänzen und Doppelfüsslern gebildet wurden. Dies zeigt, dass die Assoziation von Gliederfüsslern, welche in den modernen Boden-Oekosystemen so Wichtig ist, schon im oberen Karbon ähnliche Ausmasse angenommen hat. Bei einer Diskussion von K-Evolution sollte der reichliche Nachweis von Beziehungen zwischen Pflanzen und Tieren im oberen Karbon in Betracht gezogen werden.
Sommaire
Cette etude discute le rapport entre les plantes et les animaux dans le carbonifère supérieur. Les interactions discrètes sont examinées par l’étude des plantes et des animaux fossiles, préservés dans les marais du charbon et dans les environnementes des plaines costaux. Évidence des interactions est des classes suivi: (1) Morphologie des animaux, comprenant les vertébrés et les invertébrés. Les vertébrés était dominés par les amphibiens, pourtant, quelque amphibiens sont connus, mais ils sont pour la plupart des carnivores et des insectivores. Les communautés des invertébrés sont dominé par des arthropodes, une grande parties des celles-ci sont des herbivores. Les millipieds, les mites, et les Collembola sont presentés au sol de la forêt et dans les tourbes, avec des insects qiu dominent les environnements au-dessus des sols. Les régimes des animaux étont etudiés en faissons l’usage de l’evidence reçu des contenus des intestins, des coprolithes, de l’anatomie et des comparaisons avec des représentatives modernes. (2) La morphologie des plantes, comprenant la stimulation positive (par example, les vécteurs de la dispersion) ou la stimulation negative telle que la protéction contre l’herbivorie. Ces données comprennent l’anatomie et la morphologie des plantes, l’evidénce de l’herbivorie dans les formes de feuilles mâchées, les semances et les mégaspores percées. L’évidence qui propose que le pollen des pteridospermées du typeMonoletes était dispersé par un vécteur animal, est fourni. Les reseignements sur la relations entre les plantes et les animaux dans un environnement particulier est fondé sur l’étude des coprolithes extrayant des permineralizations (coal balls). Des assemblages des coprolithes proposent qu’ils étèrent formé principalement par les Acari, les Collembola, et les Diploda, et elles demonstrent que l’association des arthropodes du sol qui est important aux ecosystems des sols modernes, etait dominé déjà dans les environnements semblables du carbonifère supérieur. L’évidence abundante des interactions entre des plantes et des animaux pendent le carbonifère supérieur soit evalué, quand on conisidère le co-evolution.
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Scott, A.C., Taylor, T.N. Plant/animal interactions during the upper carboniferous. Bot. Rev 49, 259–307 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02861089
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02861089