Skip to main content
Log in

Is separating resource competition from allelopathy realistic?

  • Published:
The Botanical Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Allelopathy and resource competition have often been suggested to explain plant-plant interference. Many studies have attempted to separate these two mechanisms of interference to demonstrate either as a probable cause of an observed growth pattern. We, however, are of the opinion that separating allelopathy from resource competition is essentially impossible in natural systems. Furthermore, any experimental design to separate allelopathy and resource competition will create conditions that will never occur in nature. In this article, the ecological interaction between allelopathy and resource competition in natural systems is discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Literature Cited

  • Aldrich, R. J. 1987. Interference between crops and weeds. Pp. 300–312in G. R. Waller (ed.), Allelochemicals: role in agriculture and forestry. ACS Symposium Series 330. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appel, H. M. 1993. Phenolics in ecological interactions: the importance of oxidation. J. Chem. Ecol.19: 1521–1552.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ardi. 1986. Influence between sweet-com (Zea mays L.) and purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) at different irrigation levels. M.S. thesis, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, D. M. &C. S. Hoveland. 1978. Alkaloidal levels inPhalaris aquatica L. as affected by environment. Agron. J.70: 977–981.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhowmik, P. C. &J. D. Doll. 1983. Growth analysis of corn and soybean responses to allelopathic effects of weed residues at various temperatures and photosynthetic photon flux densities. J. Chem. Ecol.9:1263–1280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1984. Allelopathic effects of annual weed residue on growth and nutrient uptake of corn and soybean. Agron. J.76: 383–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black, C. A. 1973. Soil and plant relationships. Ed. 2. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum, U. 1996. The use of plant-microbe-soil model system for characterizing allelopathic interactions involving mixtures of phenolic acids and/or other compounds. J. Nematol.28: 259–267.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bremmer, J. M. &G. W. McCarty. 1988. Effects of terpenoids on nitrification in soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J.52: 1630–1633.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, J. P., F. S. Chapin III &D. R. Klein. 1983. Carbon/nutrient balance of boreal plants in relation to vertebrate herbivory. Oikos40: 357–368.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, R. B. &G. T. Seaborn. 1972. Yield of flue-cured tobacco and levels of soil oxygen in lysimeters with different water table depths. Agron. J.64: 730–733.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapin, F. S., III. 1995. New cog in the nitrogen cycle. Nature377: 199–200.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chou, C. H. 1983. Allelopathy in agroecosystems in Taiwan. Pp. 27–64in C. H. Chou & G. R. Waller (eds.), Allelochemicals and pheromones. Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Monograph Series No. 5, Taipei.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1989a. Allelopathic research of subtropical vegetation in Taiwan. IV. Comparative phytotoxic nature of leachates from four subtropical grasses. J. Chem. Ecol.16: 2149–2159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1989b. The role of allelopathy in phytochemical ecology. Pp. 19–38in C. H. Chou & G. R. Waller (eds.), Phytochemical ecology: allelochemicals, mycotoxins, and insect pheromones and allomones. Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Monograph Series No. 9, Taipei.

    Google Scholar 

  • — &Lee K. J. 1988. Effects of levels of nitrogen fertilizers on the allelopathic potential of pangola grass and weeds. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sinica29: 39–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curl, E. A. &B. Truelove. 1986. The rhizosphere. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dao, T. H. 1987. Sorption and mineralization of plant phenolic acids in soil. Pp. 358–370in G. R. Waller (ed.), Allelochemicals: role in agriculture and forestry. ACS Symposium Series 330, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • del Moral, R. 1972. On the variability of chlorogenic acid concentration. Oecologia9: 289–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dement, W. A. &H. A. Mooney. 1974. Seasonal variation in the production of tannins and cyanogenic glycosides in the chaparral shrub,Heteromeles arbutifolia. Oecologia15: 65–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eck, H. V. 1976. Hydrocyanic acid potentials in leaf blade tissue of eleven grain sorghum hybrids. Agron. J.68: 349–351.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Einhellig, F. A. 1987. Interactions among allelochemicals and other stress factors of the plant environment. Pp. 343–357in G. R. Waller (ed.), Allelochemicals: role in agriculture and forestry. ACS Symposium Series 330, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1989. Interactive effects of allelochemicals and environmental stress. Pp. 101–118in C. H. Chou & G. R. Waller (eds.), Phytochemical ecology: allelochemicals, mycotoxins, and insect pheromones and allomones. Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Monograph Series No. 9, Taipei.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1996. Interactions involving allelopathy in cropping systems. Agron. J.88: 886–893.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, R. F., R. A. Woods &M. R. Glavicic. 1978. Allelopathic effects of goldenrod and aster on young sugar maple. Canad. J. Forest. Res.8: 1–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, R. H., R. J. K. Meyers &I. Vallis. 1990. The nitrogen mineralization rate of legume residues in soil as influenced by their polyphenol, lignin, and nitrogen contents. Pl. & Soil129: 251–259.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, G. G. &N. Mossadeghi. 1971. Water regime as a factor determining flavor strength in vegetables. Biochem. J.124: 61F-62F.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1972. Influence of sulfate nutrition on flavor component of three cruciferous plants: radish (Raphanus satuivus), cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata) and white mustard (Sinapis alba). J. Sci. Food Agric.23: 387–402.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gershenzon, J. 1984. Changes in the levels of plant secondary metabolites under water and nutrient stress. Recent Adv. Phytochem.18: 273–320.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — &J. Croteau 1991. Terpenoids. Pp. 165–219in G. A. Rosenthal & M. R. Berenbaum (eds.), Herbivores, their interactions with secondary metabolites. Vol. 1. The chemical participants. Ed. 2. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore, A. R. 1977. Effects of soil moisture stress on monoterpenes in loblolly pine. J. Chem. Ecol.3: 667–676.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grace, J. B. &D. Tilman 1990. Perspectives in plant competition. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grime, J. P. 1977. Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. Amer. Naturalist111: 1169–1194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1979. Plant strategies and vegetation processes. John Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, A. B., U. Blum &R. C. Fites. 1982. Stress modification of allelopathy inHelianthus annuus L. debris on seed germination. Amer. J. Bot69: 776–783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, J. L. 1977. Population biology of plants. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegnauer, R. 1966. Chemotaxonomie der pflanzen, Vol. IV. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inderjit. 1996. Plant phenolics in allelopathy. Bot. Rev. (Lancaster)62: 186–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1997. Influence ofPluchea lanceolata on selected soil properties. Amer. J. Bot., in press.

  • — &K. M. M. Dakshini. 1995. On laboratory bioassays in allelopathy. Bot. Rev. (Lancaster)61: 28–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • — &A. U. Mallik. 1997. Effect of phenolic compounds on selected soil properties. Forest. Ecol. Managem.92: 11–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —,S. Kaur &K. M. M. Dakshini. 1996. Determination of allelopathic potential of a weedPluchea lanceolata through a multi-faceted approach. Canad. J. Bot.74: 1445–1450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kafkafi, U., B. Bar-Yosef, R. Rosenberg &G. Sposito. 1988. Phosphorus adsorption by kaolinite and montmorillonite: II. Organic anion competition. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J.52:1585–1589.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, K. &U. Blum. 1990. Effect of soil nitrogen level on ferulic acid inhibition of cucumber leaf expansion. J. Chem. Ecol.16: 1371–1383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koeppe, E. D. E., L. M. Southwick &J. E. Bittell. 1976. The relationship of tissue chlorogenic acid concentrations and leaching of phenolics from sunflowers grown under varying phosphate nutrient conditions. Canad. J. Bot.54: 593–599.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohl, K. 1993. Allelopathy and water stress of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.). M.S. thesis, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehman, R. H. &E. L. Rice. 1972. Effect of deficiencies of nitrogen, potassium and sulfur on chlorogenic acids and scopolin in sunflower. Amer. Midl. Naturalist87: 71–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarty, G. W. &J. M. Bremner. 1986. Effects of phenolic compounds on nitrification in soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J.50: 920–923.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majek, W., D. A. Quinton &K. Broersma. 1980. Cyanogenic glycoside levels in Saskatoon service-berry. J. Range Managern.33: 197–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mihaliak, C. A. &D. E. Lincoln. 1985. Growth pattern and carbon allocation to volatile leaf terpenes under nitrate-limiting conditions inHeterotheca subaxillaris (Asteraceae). Oecologia66: 423–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, C. H. 1965. Inhibitory terpenes volatilized fromSalvia shrubs. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club92: 38–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, C. E. 1953. Hydrocyanic acid content of certain sorghums under irrigation as affected by nitrogen fertilizer and soil moisture stress. Agron. J.45: 6115–617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, M.-C. 1994. Separation of allelopathy and resource competition by the boreal dwarf shrubEmpetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup. Oecologia97: 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Northup, R. R., Y. Zengshou, R. A. Dahlgren &K. A. Vogt. 1995. Polyphenol control of nitrogen release from pine litter. Nature377: 227–229.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oksanen, L. 1993. Plant strategies and environmental stress: a dialectic approach. Pp. 313–333in L. Fowden, T. Mansfield & J. Stoddart (eds.), Plant adaptation to environmental stress. Chapman & Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palm, C. A. &P. A. Sanchez. 1991. Nitrogen release from the leaves of some tropical legumes as affected by their lignin and polyphenolic contents. Soil Biol. Biochem.23: 83–88.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, A. R. 1985. Weed allelopathy. Pp. 132–155in S. O. Duke (ed.), Weed physiology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • — &L. A. Weston. 1986. Adverse impacts of allelopathy in agricultural systems. Pp. 43–56in A. R. Putnam & C. S. Tang (eds.), The science of allelopathy. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, E. L. 1984. Allelopathy. Ed. 2. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1986. Allelopathic growth stimulation. Pp. 23–42in A. R. Putnam & C. S. Tang (eds.), The science of allelopathy. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1995. Biological control of weeds and plant diseases: applied aspect of allelopathy. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

    Google Scholar 

  • —,W. T. Penfound &L. M. Rohrbaugh. 1960. Seed dispersal and mineral nutrition in succession in abandoned fields in central Oklahoma Ecology41: 224–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, M. D. &C. W. Bacon. 1993. Cyclic hydroxamic acid accumulation in corn seedlings exposed to reduced water potentials before, during, and after germination. J. Chem. Ecol.19: 1613–1624.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger, W. H. 1991. Biogeochemistry: an analysis of global change. Academic Press, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shindo, H. &P. M. Huang. 1984. Significance of Mn(IV) oxides in abotic formation of organic nitrogen complexes in natural environment. Nature308: 87–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, G. R. &F. Lahrer. 1980. Accumulation of ammo acids and related compounds in relation to environmental stress. Pp. 609–635in B. J. Mifflin (ed.), Biochemistry of plants. Vol. 5, Amino acid and derivatives. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stowe, L. G. &A. Osborn. 1980. The influence of N and P levels on the phytotoxicity of phenolic compounds. Canad. J. Bot.58: 1149–1153.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Svenningsson, H., P. Sundin &C. Liljenberg. 1990. Lipids, carbohydrates and amino acids exuded from the axenic roots of rape seedling exposed to water deficit stress. Pl. Cell Environm.13: 155–162.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, K. H. &A. Binger 1986. Effect of humic acid on aluminum toxicity in corn plants. Soil Sci.141: 20–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, C. S., S. H. Chang, D. Hoo &K. H. Yanagihara. 1975. Gas chromatographic determination of 2(3)-benzoxazolionones from cereal plants. Phytochemistry14: 2077–2079.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, C. S., W. F. Cai, K. Kohl &R. K. Nishimota. 1995. Plant stress and allelopathy. Pp. 142–157 m Inderjit, K. M. M. Dakshini & F. A. Einhellig (eds.), Allelopathy: organisms, processes, and applications. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanrisever, N., F. R. Fronczek, N. H. Fischer &G. B. Williamson. 1987. Ceratiolin and other flavonoids fromCeratiola ericoides. Phytochemistry26:175–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tevini, M., W. Iwanzik &A. H. Teramura. 1983. Effects of UV-B radiations on plants during mild water stress II. Effects on growth, protein and flavonoid content. Z. Pflanzenphysiol.110: 459–467.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, S. D. &G. W. Todd. 1972. Phenolic compounds of wheat leaves under drought stress. Phyton30: 67–75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vitousek, P. M. &R. W. Howarth. 1991. Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: how can it occur? Biogeochemistry13: 87–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waller, G. R. &E. K. Nowacki. 1978. Alkaloid biology and metabolism in plants. Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, M. C. &P. M. Huang. 1989. Pyrogallol transformations as catalyzed by oxides of Mn, Fe, Al and Si. Pp. 195–207in C. H. Chou & G. R. Waller (eds.), Phytochemical ecology: allelochemicals, mycotoxins, and insect pheromones and allomones. Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Monograph Series No. 9, Taipei.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, G. B. 1990. Allelopathy, Koch’s postulates and the neck riddle. Pp. 143–162in J. B. Grace & D. Tilman (eds.), Perspectives in plant competition. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, C. S. 1986. Volatile and water-soluble inhibitors of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in a ponderosa pine ecosystem. Biol. Fertil. Soils2: 97–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1994. Monoterpenes: their effect on ecosystem nutrient cycling. J. Chem. Ecol.20: 1381–1406.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimdahl, R. L. 1993. Fundamentals of weed science. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zucker, P. J. 1963. The influence of light on the synthesis of protein and chlorogenic acid in potato tuber tissue. Pl. Physiol.38: 575–580.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Inderjit, del Moral, R. Is separating resource competition from allelopathy realistic?. Bot. Rev 63, 221–230 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857949

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857949

Keywords

Navigation