Skip to main content
Log in

LTC4 synthase

Enzymology, biochemistry, and molecular characterization

  • Basic Sciences
  • The Immunobiology of Leukotriene Inhibitors
  • Published:
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  1. Kellaway CH, Trethewie WR. The liberation of a slow reacting smooth muscle-stimulating substance in anaphylaxis. Q I Exp Physiol 1940;30:121–145.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Brocklehurst WE. Occurrence of an unidentified substance during anaphylactic shock in cavy lung. J Physiol 1953;120:16,17.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Brocklehurst WE. The release of histamine and formation of slow-reacting substance (SRS-A) during anaphylactic shock. J Physiol 1960;151:416–435.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Lewis RA, Wasserman SI, Goetzl EJ, Austen KF. Formation of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis in human lung tissue and cells before release. J Exp Med 1974;140:1133–1146.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Drazen JM, Austen KF. Effects of intravenous administration of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis, histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandin F on pulmonary mechanics in the guinea pig. J Clin Invest 1974;53:1679–1685.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Drazen JM, Lewis RA, Wasserman SI, Orange RP, Austen KF. Differential effects of a partially purified preparation of slow-reacting substance on guinea pig tracheal spirals and parenchymal strips. J Clin Invest 1979;63:1–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Murphy RC, Hammarstrom S, Samuelsson B. Leukotriene C: a slow reacting substance for murine mastocytoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;76:4275–4279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Lewis RA, Drazen JM, Austen KF, Clark DA, Corey EJ. Identification of the c(6)-S-conjugate of leukotriene A with cysteine as naturally occurring slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). Importance of the 11-cis-geometry for biological activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980;96:271–277.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Lewis RA, Austen KF, Drazen JM, Clark DA, Marfat A, Corey EJ. Slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis: Identification of leukotrienes C-l and D from human and rat sources. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980;77:3710–3714.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Orning L, Hammrstrom S, Sameulsson B: Leukotriene D: a slow reacting substance from rat basophilic leukemia cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980;77:2014–2017.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Parker CW, Huber MM, Hoffman MK, Falkenheim SF. Characterization of the two major species of slow reacting substance from rat basophilic leukemia cells as glutathionyl thioesters of eicosatetraenoic acids oxygenated at the 5 position. Evidence that peroxy groups are present and important for spasmogenic activity. Prostaglandins 1979;18:673–686.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Dahlen S-E, Bjork J, Hedqvist P, Arfors KE, Hammarstrom S, Lindgren JA, Samuelsson B. Leukotriene promotes plasma leakage and leukocyte adherence in post capillary venules: in vivo effects with relevance to the acute inflammatory response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981;78:3887–3891.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Soter NA, Lewis RA, Corey EJ, Austen KF. Local effects of synthetic leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4 and LTB4) in human skin. J Invest Derm 1983;80:115–119.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Dahlen S-E, Hedqvist P, Hammarstrom S, Samuelsson B. Leukotrienes are potent constrictors of human bronchi. Nature 1981;268:484–486.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Marom Z, Shelhamer JH, Bach MR, Morton DR, Kaliner M. Slow-reacting substances, leukotrienes C4 and D4, increase the release of mucus from human airways invitro. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982;126:449–451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Laitenen LA, Laitenen A, Haahtela T, Vilkka V, Spur BW, Lee TH. Leukotriene E4 and granulocytic infiltration into asthmatic airways. Lancet 1993;341:989,990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Wardlaw AJ, Hay H, Cromwell O, Collins JV, Kay AB. Leukotrienes, LTC4 and LTB4, in bronchoalveclar ravage in bronchial asthma and other respiratory disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989;84:19–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Taylor GW, Taylor I, Black P, Maltby NH, Turner N, Fuller RW, Dollery CT. Urinary leukotriene E4 after antigen challenge and in acute asthma and allergic rhinitis. Lancet 1989;1:584–588.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Okubo T, Takahashi H, Sumitomo M, Shindoh K, Suzuki S. Plasma levels of leukotrienes C4 and D4 during wheezing attack in asthmatic patients. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1987;84:149–155.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Smith CM, Christie PE, Hawksworth RJ, Lee TH. Urinary leukotriene E4 levels after allergen and exercise challenge in bronchial asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:1411,1412.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Gaddy J, Margolskee D, Bush RK, Williams VC, Busse W. Bronchodilatation with a potent and selective leukotriene D4 (LTD4 receptor antagonist (MK-571) in patients with asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;46:358–363

    Google Scholar 

  22. Manning PJ, Watson RM, Margolskee DJ, Williams VC, Schwartz JI, and O’Byrne PM. Inhibition of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by MK-571, a potent leukotriene D4 antagonist. N Engl J Med 1990;232:1736–1739.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Christie PE, Smith CM, and Lee TH. The potent and selective sulfidopeptide leukotriene antagonist SK&F 104353 inhibits aspirin-induced asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:957,958.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Israel E, Rubin P, Kemp JP, Grossman J, Pierson W, Siegel SC, Tinkelman D, Murray JJ, Busse W, Segal AT, Fish J, Kaiser MB, Ledford D, Wenzel S, Rosenthal R, Cohn J, Lanni C, Pearlman H, Karahalios P, Drazen JM. The effect of inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase by zileuton in mild-to-moderate asthma. Ann Int Med 1993;119:1059–1066.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Clark JD, Lin LL, Kriz RW, Ramesha CS, Sultzman LA, Lin AY, Milona N, and Knopf JL. A novel arachidonic acid-selective cytosolic phospholipase A2 contains a Ca2+-dependent translocation domain with homology to PKC and GAP. Cell 1991;65:1043–1051.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Uozomi N, Kume K, Nagase T, Nakatani N, Ishii S, Tashir F, Komagata Y, Make K, Ikuta K, Ouchi Y, Miyazaki, J-I, Shimizu T. Role of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in allergic response and parturition. Nature 1997;390:618–621.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bonventre JV, Huang A, Reza Taheri M, O’Leary E, Li, E, Moskowitz MA, Sapirstein A. Reduced fertility and postischemic brain injury in mice deficient in cytosolic phospholipase A2. Nature 1997;390:622–625.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Woods JW, Evans JF, Ethier D, Scott S, Vickers PJ, Hearn L, Heibein JA, Charleson S, Singer II. 5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase activating protein are localized in the nuclear envelope of activated human leukocytes. J Exp Med 1993;178:1935–1946.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Pouliot M, McDonald PP, Krump E, Mancini JA, McColl SR, Welch PK, Borgeat P. Colocalization of cytosolic phospholipase A2, 5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein at the nuclear membrane of A23187-stimulated human neutrophils. Eur J Biochem 1996;238:250–258.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Penrose JF, Spector J, Lam BK, Friend DS, Xu K, Jack RM, Austen KF. Purification of human lung leukotriene C4 synthase and preparation of a polyclonal antibody. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:283–289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Bozza PT, Yu W, Penrose JF, Morgan ES, Dvorak AM, Weller PF. Eosinophil lipid bodies: specific, inducible intracellular sites for enhanced eicosanoid formation. J Exp Med 1997;186:909–920.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Mancini JA, Abramovitz, Cox ME, Wong E, Charleson S, Perrier H, Wang Z, Prasit P, Vickers PJ. 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein is an arachidonate binding protein. FEBS Lett 1993;318:277–281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Miller DK, Gillard JW, Vickers PJ, Sadowski S, Leveille C, Mancini JA, Charleson P, Dixon RAG, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Fortin R, Gauthier JY, Rodkey J, Rosen R, Rouzer C, Sigal IS, Strader CD, Evans JF. Identification and isolation of a membrane protein necessary for leukotriene production. Nature 1990;343:278–281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Rouzer CA, Matsumoto T, Samuelsson B. Single protein from human leukocytes possesses 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene A4 synthase activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;83:857–861.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Rouzer CA, Kargrnan S. Translocation of 5-lipoxygenase to the membrane in human leukocytes challenged with ionophore A23187. J Biol Chem 1988;263:10,980–10,988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Brock TG, Paine R III, Peters-Golden M. Localization of 5-lipoxygenase to the nucleus of unstimulated rat basophilic leukemic cells. J Biol Chem 1994;269:22,059–22,066.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Brock TG, McNish RW, Bailie MB, Peters-Golden M. Rapid import of cytosolic 5-lipoxygenase into the nucleus of neutrophils after in vivo recruitment and in vitro adherence. J Biol Chem 1997;272:8276–8280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Radmark O, Shimizu T, Jornvall H, Samoulsson B. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase in human leukocytes: purification and properties. J Biol Chem 1984;259:12,339–12,345.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Radmark O, Malmsten C, Samuelsson B. Leukotriene A4; enzymatic conversion to leukotriene C4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980;96:1679–1687.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Bach MK, Brashler JR, Morton DR. Solubilization and characterization of the leukotriene C4 synthetase of rat basophil leukemia cells: A novel, particulate glutathione S-transferase. Arch Biochem Biophysics 1984;230:455–465.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Lam BK, Owen WP Jr, Austen KF, Soberman RI. Leukotriene C4 uses a probenecid-sensitive export carrier that does not recognize leukotriene B4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;89:11,598–11,602.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Anderson ME, Allison RD, Meister A. Interconversion of leukotrienes catalyzed by purified garnrna-glutamyl transpeptidase: concomitant formation of leukotriene D4 gamma-glutamyl amino acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982;79:1088–1091.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Lee CW, Lewis RA, Corey EJ, Austen KF. Conversion of leukotriene D4 to leukotriene E4 by a dipeptidase released from the specific granules of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Immunology 1983;48:27–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Nicholson DW, Klemba MW, Rasper DM, Metters KM, Zamboni RJ, Ford-Hutchinson AW. Purification of human leukotriene C4 synthase from dimethylsulfoxide-differentiated U937 cells. Eur J Biochem 1992;209:725–734.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Nicholson DW, Ali A, Vaillancourt JP, Calycay JR, Mumford RA, Zamboni RJ, Ford-Hutchinson AW. Purification to homogeneity and the N-terminal sequence of human leukotriene C4 synthase: A homodimeric glutathione S-transferase composed of 18-kDa subunits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:2015–2019.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Weller PF, Lee CW, Foster DW, Corey EF, Austen KF, Lewis RA. Generation and metabolism of 5-lipoxygenase pathway leukotrienes by human eosinophils: predominant production of leukotriene C4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983;80:7626–7630.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. MacGlashan DW Jr, Schleimer RP, Peters SP, Schulman ES, Adams GK, III, Newball NH, Lichtenstein LM. Generation of leukotrienes by purified human lung mast cells. J Clin Invest 1982;70:747–751.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Murakami M, Austen KF, Gingham CO III, Friend, DS, Penrose JF, Arm JP. Interleukin-3 regulates development of the 5-lipoxygenase/leukotriene C4 synthase pathway in mouse mast cells. J Biol Chem 1995;270:22,653–22,656.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Soderstrom M, Mannervik B, Garkov V, Hammarstrom S. On the nature of LTC4 synthase in human platelets. Arch Biochim Biophys 1992;294:70–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Williams JD, Czop JK, Austen KF. Release of leukotrienes by human monocytes on stimulation of their phagocytic receptor for particulate activators. J Immunol 1984;132:3034–3040.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Yoshimoto T, Soberman RJ, Lewis RA, Austen KF. Isolation and characterization of leukotriene C4 synthase of rat basophilic leukemia cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985;82:8399–8403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Penrose JF, Gagnon L, Goppelt-Struebe M, Meyer P, Lam B, Jack R, Austen KF, Soberman RJ. Purification of human leukotriene C4 synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:11,603–11,606.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Soderstrom M, Bolling A, Hammarstrom S. Introduction of leukotriene C4 synthase activity in differentiating human erythroleukemia cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992;189:1043–1049.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Scoggan KA, Nicholson DW, Ford-Hutchinson AW. Regulation of leukotriene-biosynthetic enzymes during differentiation of myelocytic HL-60 cells to eosinophilic or neutrophilic cells. Eur J Biochem 1996;239:572–578.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Izumi T, Honda Z, Ohishi N, Kitamura S, Sato K, Shimizu T, Seyama Y. Solubilization and partial purlfication of leukotriene C4 synthase from guinea-pig lung: a microsomal enzyme with high specificity towards 5,6—epoxide leukotriene A4. Biochim Biophys Acta 1988;959:305–315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Yoshimoto T, Soberman RJ, Spur B, Austen KF. Properties of highly purified leukotriene C4 synthase of guinea pig lung. J Clin Invest 1988;81:866–871.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Petric R, Hutchinson DW, Ford-Hutchinson DW. Renal leukotriene C4 synthase: characterization, partial purification and alterations in experimental glomerulonephritis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995;1254:207–215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Feinmark SJ, Cannon PJ. Endothelial cell leukotriene C4 synthesis results from transfer of leukotriene A4 synthesized by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Biol Chem 1986;261:16,466–16,472.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Feinmark SJ, Cannon PJ. Vascular smooth muscle leukotriene C4 synthesis: requirement for transcellular leukotriene A4 metabolism. Biochem Biophys Acta 1987;92:125–135.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Wittenberg RH, Willburger RE, Kleemeyer KS, Peskar BA. In vitro release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes from synovial tissue, cartilage, and bone in degenerative joint diseases. Arthritis Rheum 1993;10:1444–1450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Tsuchida S, Izumi T, Shimizu T, Ishikawa T, Hatayama I, Sato K. Purification of a new acidic glutathione S-transferase, GST Ynl-Ynl, with high leukotriene C4 synthase activity from rat brain. Eur J Biochem 1987;170:159–164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Hamasaki Y, Abe M, Matsumoto S, Ichimaru T, Hara N, Miyazaki S. Specific induction of LTC4 synthase by retinoic acid in rat basophilic leukemia-1 cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1994;103:260–265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Tornhamre S, Edenius C, Lindgren JA. Receptor mediated regulation of leukotriene C4 synthase activity in human platelets. Eur J Biochem 1996;243: 513–520.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Lam BK, Penrose JF, Freeman GJ, Austen KF. Expression cloning of a cDNA for human leukotriene C4 synthase, an integral membrane protein conjugating reduced glutathione to leukotriene A4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:7663–7667.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Welsch DJ, Creely DP, Hauser SD, Mathis KJ, Krivi GG, Isakson PC. Molecular cloning and expression of human leukotriene C4 synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:9745–9749.

  66. Vickers PJ, Adam M, Charleson S, Coppolino MG, Evans JF, Mancini JA. Identification of amino acid residues of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein essential for the binding of leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors. Mol Pharmacol 1992; 42:94–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Jakobsson P-J, Mancini JA, Ford-Hutchinson AW. Identification and characterization of a novel human microsomal glutathione S-transferase with leukotriene C4 synthase activity and significant sequence identity to 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein and leukotriene C4 synthase. J Biol Chem 1996;271:22,203–22,210.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Jakobsson P-J, Mancini, JA, Riendeau D, Ford-Hutchinson AW. Identification and characterization of a novel microsomal enzyme with glutathione-dependent transferase and peroxidase activities. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:22,934–22,939.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Scoggan KA, Jakobsson P-J, Ford-Hutchinson AW. Production of leukotriene C4 in different human tissues is attributable to distinct membrane-bound biosynthetic enzymes. J Biol Chem 1997;272:10,182–10,187.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Lam BK, Penrose JF, Rokach J, Xu K, Baldasaro MH, Austen KF. Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of mouse leukotriene C4 synthase. Eur J Biochem 1996;238:606–612.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Lam BK, Penrose JF, Xu K, Baldasaro MH, Austen KF. Site-directed mutagenesis of human leukotriene C4 synthase. J Biol Chem 1997;272:13,923–13,928.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Penrose JF, Spector JS, Baldasaro M, Xu K, Boyce J, Arm JP, Austen KF, Lam BK. Molecular cloning of the gene for human leukotriene C4 synthase: Organization, nucleotide sequence, and chromosomal localization to 5q35. J Biol Chem 1996;271:11,356–11,361.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Bigby TD, Hodulik CR, Arden KC, Fu L. Molecular cloning of the human leukotriene C4 synthase gene and assignment to chromosome 5q35. Mol Med 1996;2:637–646.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Kennedy BP, Diehl RE, Boie Y, Adam M, Dixon RAF. Gene characterization and promoter analysis of the human 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP). J Biol Chem 1991;266:8511–8516.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kersanach R, Brinkmann H, Liaud M-F, Zhang D-X, Martin W, Cerff R. Five identical intron positions in ancient duplicated genes of eubacterial origin. Nature 1994;367:387–389.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Angel P, Imagawa M, Chiu R, Stein B, Imbra RJ, Rahmsdork KT, Jonat C, Herrlich P, Darin M. Phorbol ester-inducible genes contain a common cis element recognized by a TPA-modulated trans-acting factor. Cell 1987;49:729–739.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Imagawa M, Chie R, Darin M. Transcription factor AP-2 mediates induction by two different signal-transduction pathways: protein kinase C and cAMP. Cell 1987;51:251–260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Marsh DG, Neely JD, Breazeale DR, Ghosh B, Freidhoff LR, Ehrlich-Kautzky E, Schou C, Krishnaswamy G, Beaty TH. Linkage analysis of IL4 and other chromosome 5q31.1 markers and total serum immunoglobulin E concentration. Science 1994;264:1152–1156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. van Leeuwen BH, Martinson ME, Wevv GC, Young IG. Molecular organization of the cytokine gene cluster, involving the human IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, and GM-CSF genes, on human chromosome 5. Blood 1989;73:1142–1148.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kobilka BK, Dixon RAF, Frielle T, Dohlman HHG, Bolanowski MA, Sigal IS, Yang-Feng TL, Francke U, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ. cDNA for the human β2-adrenergic receptor: A protein with multiple membrane-spanning domains and encoded by a gene whose chromosomal location is shared with that of the receptor for platelet derived growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987;84:46–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Wasmuth JJ, Bishop DT, Westbrook CA. Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosome 5. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1991;58:161–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Rothenberg ME, Petersen J, Stevens RL, Silberstein DS, McKenzie DT, Austen KF, Owen WF. IL-5 dependent conversion of normodense eosinophils to the hypodense phenotype uses 3T3 fibroblasts for enhanced viability, accelerated hypodensity, and sustained antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. J Immunol 1989;143:2311–2316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Rothenberg ME, Owen WF, Silberstein DS, Woods J, Soberman RJ, Austen KF, Stevens RL. Human eosinophils have prolonged survival, enhanced function, and become hypodense when exposed to human interleukin 3. J Clin Invest 1988;81:1986–1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Boyce JA, Friend DS, Gurish MF, Austen KF, Owen WF. Differentiation in vitro of hybrid eosinophil/basophil granulocytes: autocrine function of an eosinophil developmental intermediate. J Exp Med 1995;182:49–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Rosenwasser LJ, Klemm DJ, Dresback JK, Inamura H, Mascali JJ, Klinnert M, Borish L. Promoter polymorphisms in the chromosome 5 gene cluster in asthma and atopy. Clin Exp Allergy 1995;25:7478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Postma DS, Bleecker ER, Amelung PJ, Holroyd KJ, Xu J, Panhuysen CIM, Meyers DA, Levitt RC. Genetic susceptibility to asthma: coinheritance of bronchial hyperresponsiveness with a major gene for atopy. N Eng J Med 1995;333:894–900.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Penrose JF, Baldasaro MH, Webster M, Xu K, Austen KF, Lam BK. Molecular cloning of the gene for mouse leukotriene C4 synthase. Eur J Biochem 1997;248(3):807–813.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Cowburn AS, Sladek K, Soja J, Adamek L Nizankowska E, Szczeklik A, Lam BK, Penrose JF, Austen KF, Holgate ST, Sampson AP. Overexpression of leukotriene C4 synthase in bronchial biopsies from patients with aspirin-intolerant asthma. J Clin Invest 1998;101:834–846.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Sampson AP, Cowburn AS, Sladek K, Adamek L, Nizankowska E, Szczeklik A, Lam BK, Penrose JF, Austen KF, Holgate ST. Profound overexpression of leukotriene C4 synthase in bronchial biopsies from aspirin-intolerant asthmatic patients. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1997;113:355–357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Sanak M, Simon H-U, Szczeklik A. Leukotriene C4 synthase promoter polymorphism and risk of aspirin-induced asthma. Lancet 1997;350:1599,1600.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John F. Penrose.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Penrose, J.F. LTC4 synthase. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 17, 133–152 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02737601

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02737601

Keywords

Navigation