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Follicular tumors of the thyroid gland: Diagnosis, clinical aspects and nuclear DNA analysis

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Abstract

From 1985 to 1990, 169 patients underwent surgery for follicular thyroid tumors at the Department of Surgery, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Nine of the patients had tumors which were diagnosed as follicular carcinoma, 4 of whom had recurrences in the neck region. In 6 of the patients the carcinomas were diagnosed as widely invasive and in 3 patients as minimally invasive. Of the 160 patients with follicular adenomas, 21 adenomas were of oxyphil type (“Hürthle” adenomas), 17 adenomas were diagnosed as “atypical”, and 6 adenomas were classified as being both “atypical” and having oxyphil cell differentiation. The nuclear DNA content was measured with image cytometry and/or flow cytometry. Six of the 9 carcinomas were euploid and 3 were aneuploid. In the adenoma group, 32 (20%) were aneuploid. Thus 38% of all adenomas showed atypical cellular features, oxyphil cell differentiation, and/or aneuploid nuclear DNA pattern. None of the patients with adenomas have shown any sign of recurrence. In the present prospective study, the nuclear DNA content could not discriminate between a benign and a malignant follicular tumor, and was of limited value in predicting prognosis in the patients with follicular carcinoma. Still, the best way to establish a diagnosis and to predict prognosis is to surgically remove the follicular tumor for a proper histopathological examination.

Résumé

Pendant six ans (1985–1990), 169 patients ont été opérés pour des tumeurs folliculaires dans le département de Chirurgie, Hôpital Karolinska, Stockholm, Suède. Neuf de ces tumeurs étaient des cancers folliculaires, dont quatre récidivées au niveau du cou. Six des cancers étaient largement invasifs alors que trois étaient peu invasifs. Parmi les 160 adénomes folliculaires, 17 étaient diagnostiqués comme “atypiques”, 21 comme un adénome du type oxyphile (adénome de Hürthle) et six étaient à la fois atypiques et oxyphiles. Le contenu en ADN a été mesuré par la cytométrie d'image et/ou de flux. Six des cancers étaient euploïdes et trois (33%) étaient aneuploïdes. Dans le groupe des adénomes, 32 (20%) étaient aneuploïdes. Trente-huit pour cent de tous les adénomes avaient quelques éléments anormaux: atypies cellulaires, différenciation oxyphile et/ou une aneuploïdie. Aucun de ces adénomes n'a récidivé. Dan l'étude prospective présentée ici, le contenu en ADN ne pouvait faire la distinction entre tumeur bénigne et tumeur maligne; Il était d'un intérêt limité pour prédire le pronostic dans le groupe des cancers folliculaires, bien que le suivi soit trop court pour être définitif. Aujourd'hui, la seule façon de faire le diagnostic et d'établir un pronostic semble être l'exérèse tumorale chirurgicale, afin d'obtenir une histologie complète et définitive. On espère que les résultats de la recherche dans le domaine de la biologie tumorale nous permettront prochainement d'améliorer la distinction entre tumeur bénigne et tumeur maligne. Ceci nous amènera à mieux planifier l'attitude thérapeutique, et surtout, à diminuer le nombre d'interventions inutiles.

Resumen

En el curso de un periodo de 6 años (1985–1991) fueron operados 169 pacientes con tumores foliculares de la glándula tiroides en el Departamento de Cirugía del Hospital Karolinska de Estocolmo. Nueve fueron diagnosticados como carcinoma folicular, y de éstos cuatro eran tumores recurrentes en la región cervical. Seis de los carcinomas fueron diagnosticados como ampliamente invasivos y tres como mínimamente invasivos. De los 160 adenomas foliculares, 17 fueron diagnosticados histológicamente como “atípicos”, 21 como adenomas foliculares de tipo oxifílico (adenomas de Hürthle) y 6 correspondieron tanto al grupo atípico como al oxifílico. El contenido nuclear fue medido mediante citometría de imagen y/o citometría de flujo. Seis de los carcinomas eran euploides y tres (33%) aneuploides. En el grupo de los adenomas 32 (20%) eran aneuploides. Treinta y ocho por ciento de la totalidad de los adenomas exhibió discrepancia respecto a los hallazgos normales: un cuadro celular atípico, diferenciación oxifílica y/o patrón aneuploide de DNA nuclear. Ninguno de los adenomas ha demostrado signo alguno de recurrencia. En el presente estudio prospectivo, y aunque el periodo de seguimiento fue muy corto para derivar conclusiones definitivas, el contenido nuclear de DNA no logró deferenciar entre los tumores foliculares benignos y los malignos y probó ser de valor apenas limitado en cuanto a la predicción del pronóstico en el grupo con carcinoma folicular. Hoy en día la única manera de hacer el diagnóstico y de intentar la predicción del pronóstico es mediante la resección quirúrigica del tumor folicular para realizar un buen examen histopatológico. Se tiene la esperanza de que los resultados de nuevas investigaciones en el campo de la biología tumoral contribuyan a mejorar la capacidad de diferenciación entre los tumores benignos y malignos. Ello habrá de significar una mejor guía para la planeación del tratamiento y, así lo esperamos, un número decreciente de operaciones innecesarias.

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Zedenius, J., Auer, G., Bäckdahl, M. et al. Follicular tumors of the thyroid gland: Diagnosis, clinical aspects and nuclear DNA analysis. World J. Surg. 16, 589–594 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02067329

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