References
Beevers DG, Cruickshank JK, Yeoman WB, et al. (1980) Blood-lead and cadmium in human hypertension. J Environ Pathol and Toxicol 4:251–60.
DeWalle FB, Kalman DA, Dills R, et al. (1986) Presence of phenolic compounds in sewage effluent and sludge from municipal sewage treatment plants. Water Sci Tech 14:143–50.
Folsom AR (1982) Drinking water composition and blood pressure: a review of the epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 115:818–32.
Friedlander LJ (1980) A Study of the Correlation between Ratio Variables. Dissertation, University of Washington.
Hogen MD, Chi PY, Hoel DG (1979) Association between chloroform levels in finished drinking water supplies and various site specific cancer mortality rates. J Environ Pathol and Toxicol 2:873–7.
National Center for Health Statistics Division of Vital Statistics. 1970 Mortality Detail Tape Documentation. Washington, DC.
Neri LC, Hewitt D, Schreiber GB (1974) Can epidemiology elucidate the water story? Am J Epidemiol 99:75–86.
Schroeder HA (1960). Relationship between hardness of water and death rates from certain chronic and degenerative disease in the United States. J Chronic Dis 12:586–91.
Schroeder HA, Brattleboro W (1960) Relations between mortality from cardiovascular disease and treated water supplies (variations in states and 163 largest municipalities of the United States). JAMA 172:1902–8.
Sharett AR (1979) The role of chemical constituents of drinking water in cardiovascular diseases. Am J Epidemiol 110:401–19.
Snoeyink VL, Jenkins D (1980) Water Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Sorahan T, Waterhouse JA (1985) Cancer of prostate among nickel-cadmium battery workers. Lancet 1:459.
Sung FC (1975) A Study of the Corrosive Properties of Water and the Presence of Trace Elements in Three Community Water Systems and the Seattle Water Systems. Thesis. University of Washington.
Sung JFC, Nevissi AE and DeWalle FB (1986) Concentration and removal efficiency of major and trace elements in municipal waste water. J Environ Sci Health A21:435–448.
U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service (1973) Bulletin Annual Report on Tobacco Statistics, Statistics #528. Washington, DC.
U.S. Dept. Commerce, Bureau of the Census 1970 Census of Population. Washington, DC.
U.S. Dept. HEW (1968) International Classification of Disease, Eighth Revision, DHEW publ. no 1693, vol. 1, Washington, DC.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sung, J.F.C., van Belle, G., Lee, J.A.H. et al. Sewage hardness and mortality from cancer and cardiovascular disease. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 41, 489–495 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02020991
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02020991