References
Blaser MJ, Smith PF, Repine JE, Joiner KA (1988) Pathogenesis ofCampylobacter fetus infections. Failure of encapsulatedCampylobacter fetus to bind C3b explains serum and phagocytosis resistance. J Clin Invest 81:1434
Bliska JB, Falkow S (1992) Bacterial resistance to complement killing mediated by the ail protein ofYersinia enterocolitica. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 89:3561
Briles DE, Crain MJ, Gray BM, Forman C, Yother J (1992) Strong association between capsular type and virulence for mice among human isolates ofStreptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 60:111
Brown EJ, Hosea SW, Hammer CH, Burch CG, Frank MM (1982) A quantitative analysis of the interactions of antipneumococcal antibody and complement in experimental pneumococcal bacteremia. J Clin Invest 69:85
Brown EJ, Joiner KA, Gaither TA, Hammer CH, Frank MM (1983) The interaction of C3b bound to pneumococci with factor H (beta 1H globulin), factor I (C3b/C4b inactivator), and properdin factor B of the human complement system. J Immunol 131:409
Cannon JG, Lee TJ, Guymon LF, Sparling PF (1981) Genetics of serum resistance inNeisseria gonorrhoeae: the sac-1 genetic locus. Infect Immun 32:547
Chen CC, Cleary PP (1990) Complete nucleotide sequence of the streptococcal 5a peptidase gene ofStreptococcus pyogenes. J Biol Chem 265:3161
Cooper NR (1991) Complement evasion strategies of microorganisms. Immunol Today 12:327
Cross AS, Kim KS, Wright DC, Sadoff JC, Gemiski P (1986) Role of lipopolysaccharide and capsule in the serum resistance of bacteremic strains ofE. coli. J Infect Dis 154:497
Dankert JR (1989) Complement-mediated inhibition of function in complement resistantEscherichia coli. J Immunol 142:1591
Edwards JE Jr, Gaither TA, O'Shea JJ, Rotrosen D, Lawley TJ, Wright SA, Frank MM, Green I (1986) Expression of specific binding sites on Candida with functional and antigenic characteristics of human complement receptors. J Immunol 137:3577
Fearon DT (1978) Regulation by membrane sialic acid of beta 1H-dependent decay-dissociation of amplification C3 convertase of the alternative complement pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:1971
Fitzgerald TJ (1987) Activation of the classical and alternative pathways of complement byTreponema pallidum subsp pallidum andTreponema vincentii. Infect Immun 55:2066
Frank MM (1990) Complement in host defense against bacterial infections. In: Ayoub EM, Cassell GH, Branche WC, Henry TJ (eds) Microbial determinants of virulence and host response. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
Frank MM (1992) The mechanism by which microorganisms avoid complement attack. Curr Opin Immunol 4:14
Frank MM, Fries LF (1988) The role of complement in defense against bacterial disease. Balliers Clin Immunol Allergy 2:335
Frank MM, Joiner KA, Hammer CA (1987) The function of antibody and complement in the lysis of bacteria. Rev Infect Dis 9 [Suppl 5]: S537
Friedman HM, Cohen GH, Eisenberg RJ, Seidel CA, Cines DB (1984) Glycoprotein C of herpes simplex virus 1 acts as a receptor for the C3b complement component on infected cells. Nature 309:633
Fuhrman SA, Joiner KA (1989)Toxoplasma gondii: mechanism of resistance to complement mediated killing. J Immunol 142:940
Galdiero F, Sommese L, Capasso C, Galdiero M, Tufano MA (1991) Serum-mediated killing ofSalmonella typhimurium andEscherichia coli mutants which share a different content of major proteins. Microbiologica 14:119
Grossman N, Joiner KA, Frank MM, Leive L (1986) C3b binding but not its breakdown is affected by the structure of the O-antigen polysaccharide in lipopolysaccharide from Salmonellae. J Immunol 136:2208
Grossman N, Leive L (1984) Complement activation via the alternative pathway by purified Salmonella lipopolysaccharide is affected by its structure but not its O-antigen length. J Immunol 132:376
Hackett J, Reeves P, Mathan V (1987) Mediation of serum resistance inSalmonella typhimurium by an 11-kilodalton polypeptide encoded by the cryptic plasmid. J Infect Dis 155:540
Hamadeh RM, Jarvis GA, Galili U, Mandrell RE, Zhou P, Griffis JM (1992) Human natural anti-Gal IgG regulates alternative complement pathway activation on bacterial surfaces. J Clin Invest 89:1223
Heffernan EJ, Reed S, Hackett J, Fierer J, Roudier C, Guiney D (1992) Mechanism of resistance to complement-mediated killing of bacteria encoded by theSalmonella typhimurium virulence plasmid gene rck. J Clin Invest 90:953
Hildebrandt JF, Mayer LW, Want SP, Buchanan TM (1978)Neisseria gonorrhoeae acquire a new principal outer-membrane protein when transformed to resistance to serum bactericidal activity. Infect Immun 20:267
Hong YQ, Ghebrehiwet B (1992) Effect ofPseudomonas aeruginosa elastase and alkaline protease on serum complement and isolated components C1q and C3. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 62:133
Hong K, Kinoshita T, Takeda J, Kozono H, Pramoonjago P, Kim YU, Inoue K (1992) Inhibition of the alternative C3 convertase and classical C5 convertase of complement by group A streptococcal M protein. Infect Immun 58:2535
Horstmann RD, Fischetti VA (1987) M protein, the major virulence factor of group A streptococci inhibits alternate pathway activation by selectively binding factor H. Complement 4: 170a
Horstmann RD, Sievertsen HJ, Knoblock J, Fischetti VA (1988) Antiphagocytic activity of streptococcal M protein: selective binding of complement control protein factor H. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:1657
Iida K, Whitlow MB, Nussenzweig V (1989) Amastigotes ofTrypanosoma cruzi escape destruction by the terminal complement components. J Exp Med 169:881
Jarvis GA, Vedros NA (1987) Sialic acid of group BNeisseria meningitidis regulates alternative complement pathway activation. Infect Immun 55:174
Jimenez-Lucho VE, Joiner KA, Foulds J, Frank MM, Leive L (1987) C3b generation is affected by the structure of the O-antigen polysaccharide in lipopolysaccharide from salmonellae. J Immunol 139:1253
Joiner KA (1988) Complement evasion by bacteria and parasites. Annu Rev Microbiol 42:201
Joiner KA, Brown EJ, Frank MM (1984) Complement and bacteria: chemistry and biology in host defense. Annu Rev Immunol 2:461
Joiner KA, Goldman RC, Hammer CH, Lieve L, Frank MM (1983) Studies on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to complement mediated killing. VI. IgG increases the bactericidal efficacy of C5b-9 forE. coli 0111B4 by acting at a step before C5 cleavage. J Immunol 131:2570
Joiner KA, Goldman R, Schmetz M, Berger M, Hammer CH, Frank MM, Leive L (1984) A quantitative analysis of C3 binding toO-antigen capsule, lipopolysaccharide, and outer membrane protein ofE. coli 0111B4. J Immunol 132:369
Joiner KA, Grossman N, Schmetz M, Leive L (1986) C3 Binds preferentially to long-chain LPS during alternative pathway activation bySalmonella montevideo. J Immunol 136:710
Joiner KA, Hammer CH, Brown EJ, Cole RJ, Frank MM (1982) Sludies on the mechanism of bacterial resistance lo complement-mediated killing. I. Terminal complement components are deposited and released fromSalmonella minnesota S218 without causing bacterial death. J Exp Med 155:797
Joiner KA, Hammer CH, Brown EJ, Frank MM (1992) Studies on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to complement mediated killing. II. C8 and C9 release C5b67 from the surface ofSalmonella minnesota S218 because the terminal complex does not insert into the bacterial outer membrane. Exp Med 155:809
Joiner KA, Puentes SM, Warren KA, Scales RA, Judd RC (1989) Complement binding on serum-sensitive and serum-resistant transformants ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae: effect of presensitization with a non-bactericidal monoclonal antibody. Microb Pathog 6:343
Joiner KA (1986) Immunobiology of the complement system. In: Ross GD (ed) An introduction for research and clinical medicine. Academic Press, Orlando, pp 183–195
Joiner KA, Scales R, Warren KA, Frank MM, Rice R (1985) Mechanism of action of blocking immunoglobulin G forNeisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Invest 76:1765
Joiner KA, Warren KA, Brown EJ, Svanson J, Frank MM (1983) Studies on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to complement mediated killing. IV. C5b-9 forms high molecular weight complexes with bacterial outer membrane constituents on serum resistant but not serum sensitiveNeisseria gonorrhoeae. J Immunol 131:1443
Karakawa WW, Sutton A, Schneerson R, Karpas A, Vann WF (1988) Capsular antibodies induce type-specific phagocytosis of capsulatedStaphylococcus aureus by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Infect Immun 56:1090
Kinoshita T (1991) Biology of complement: the overture. Immunol Today 12:291
Kochi SK, Johnson RC, Dalmasso AP (1991) Complement-mediated killing of the Lyme disease spirocheteBorrelia burgdorferi: role of antibody in the formation of an effective membrane attack complex. J Immunol 146:3964
Kubens B5, Opferkuch W (1988) Studies on serum resistance inEscherichia coli. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 270:52
Lancefield RC (1962) Current knowledge of type specific M antigens on group A streptococci. J Immunol 89:307
Loos M, Clas F (1987) Antibody-independent killing of gram-negative bacteria via the classical pathway of complement. Immunol Lett 14:203
Makela PH, Hovi M, Saxen H, Valtonen M, Valtonen V (1988) Ability to activate the alternative complement pathway as a virulence determinant inSalmonellae. In: Cabello FC, Pruzzo C (eds) Bacteria complement and the phagocytic cell. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 157–176
Manjula BN, Fischetti VA (1980) Tropomyosin-like seven residue periodicity in three immunologically distinct streptococcal M proteins and its implications for the antiphagocytic property of the molecule. J Exp Med 151:695
Marikovsky M, Parizade M, Arnon R, Fishelson Z (1990) Complement regulation on the surface of cultured schistosomula and adult worms ofSchistosoma mansoni. Eur J Immunol 20:221
Mell MA, Duke LJ, Liau D, Hash JH (1974) Biological properties of the encapsulatedStaphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 10:389
Merino S, Camprubi S, Alberti S, Benedi VJ, Thomas JM (1992) Mechanisms ofKlebsiella pneumoniae resistance to complement-mediated killing. Infect. Immun 60:2529
Moll A, Manning PA, Timmis KN (1980) Plasmid determined resistance to serum bactericidal activity: a major outer membrane protein, the tra T gene product, is responsible for plasmid-specified serum resistance inEscherichia coli. Infect Immun 28:359
Molla A, Akaike T, Maeda H (1989) Inactivation of various proteinase inhibitors and the complement system in human plasma by the 56-kilodalton proteinase fromSerratia marcescens. Infect Immun 57:1868
Nelson RA (1953) The immune adherence phenomenon: an immunologically specific reaction between micro-organisms and erythrocytes leading to enhanced phagocytosis. Science 118:733
Oda T, Kojima Y, Akaike T, Ijiri S, Molla A, Maeda H (1990) Inactivation of chemotactic activity of C5a by the serratial 56 kilodalton protease. Infect Immun 58:1269
Peterson PK, Verhoef J, Sabath LD, Quie PG (1977) Effect of protein A on staphylococcal opsonization. Infect Immun 15:760
Peterson PK, Wilkinson BJ, Kim Y, Schmeling D, Quie PG (1978) Influence of encapsulation on Staphylococcal opsonization and phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infect Immun 19:943
Pilz D, Wachter E, Heesemann J, Brade V (1991) Evasion ofYersinia enterocolitica serotype 03 from complement-mediated killing. Behring Inst. Mitt 88:183
Pitt J (1978) K-1 antigen ofEscherichia coli: epidemiology and serum sensitivity of pathogenic strains. Infect Immun 22:219
Puentes SM, Sacks DL, daSilva RP, Joiner KA (1988) Complement binding by two developmental stages ofLeishmania major promastigotes varying in expression of a surface lipophosphoglycan. J Exp Med 167:887
Roberts JS, Saunders FK, Boulnois BJ (1989) Bacterial capsules and interactions with complement and phagocytes. Biochem Soc Trans 17:462
Ross GD, Medof ME (1985) Membrane complement receptors specific for bound fragments of C3. Adv Immunol 37:217
Schiller NL, Hatch RA, Joiner KA (1989) Complement activation and C3 binding by serum-sensitive and serum-resistant strains ofPseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 57:1707
Schlesinger LS, Horwitz MA (1990) Phagocytosis of leprosy bacilli is mediated by complement receptors CR1 and CR3 on human monocytes and complement component C3 in serum. J Clin Invest 85:1304
Seidel-Dugan C, Ponce de Leon M, Friedman HM, Eisenberg RJ, Cohen GH (1990) Identification of C3b-binding regions on herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein C. J Virol 64:1897
Sj:oquist J, St:alenheimer G (1969) Protein A fromStaphylococcus aureus. IX. Complement-fixing activity of protein A-IgG complexes. J Immunol 103:467
Stevens P, Huang SN, Welch WD, Young LS (1978) Restricted complement activation byEscherichia coli with the K-1 capsular serotype: a possible role in pathogenicity. J Immunol 21:2174
Taylor PW (1976) Immunochemical investigations of lipopolysaccharides and acidic polysaccharides from serum sensitive and serum resistant strains ofEscherichia coli isolated from urinary-tract infections. J Med Microbiol 9:405
Taylor PW, Robinson MK (1980) Determinants that increase the serum resistance ofEscherichia coli. Infect Immun 29:278
Tenner AJ, Zicardi RJ, Cooper NR (1984) Antibody-independent C1 activation byE. coli. J Immunol 133:886
Toney DM, Marciano-Cabral F (1992) Alterations in protein expression and complement resistance of pathogenic Naegleria amoebae. Infect Immun 60:2784
Unkeless JC, Wright SD (1988) Phagocytic cells: Fc gamma and complement receptors. In: Gallin JI, Goldstein IM, Snyderman R (eds) Inflammation: basic principles and clinical correlates. Raven Press, New York, pp 343–362
Van Dijk WC, Verbrugh HA, Vander Tol ME, Peters R, Verhoef J (1979) Role ofE. coli K capsular antigens during complement activation, C3 fixation, and opsonization. Infect Immun 25:603
Vandenbosch JL, Rabert DK, Jones GW (1987) Plasmid associated resistance ofSalmonella typhimurium to complement activated by the classical pathway. Infect Immun 55:2645
Verbrugh HA, Peterson PK, Nguyen BY, Sisson SP, Kim Y (1982) Opsonization of encapsulatedStaphylococcus aureus: the role of specific antibody and complement. J Immunol 129:1681
Vermeulen C, Cross A, Byrne WR, Zollinger W (1988) Quantitative relationship between capsular content and killing of K-1 encapsulatedEscherichia coli. Infect Immun 56:2723
Vishwanath S, Hackstadt T (1988) Lipopolysaccharide phase variation determines the complement mediated serum susceptibility ofCoxiella burnetii. Infect Immun 56:40
Ward PA, Chapitis J, Conroy MC, Lepow IH (1973) Generation by bacterial proteinases of leukotactic factors from human serum and human C3 and C5. J Immunol 110:1003
Washburn RG, Bryant-Varela BJ, Julian NC, Bennett JE (1991) Differences inCryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide structure influence assembly of alternative pathway C3 convertase on fungal surfaces. Mol Immunol 28:465
Washburn RG, Hammer CH, Bennett JE (1986) Inhibition of complement by culture supernatants ofAspergillus fumigatus. J Infect Dis 154:944
Weis JJ, Law SK, Levine BP, Cleary PP (1985) Resistance to phagocytosis by group A streptococci: failure of deposited complement opsonins to interact with cellular receptors. J Immunol 134:500
Wetzler LM, Barry K, Blake MS, Gotschlich EC (1992) Gonococcal lipooligosaccharide sialylation prevents complement-dependent killing by immune sera. Infect Immun 60:39
Whiteman LY, Marciano-Cabral F (1989) Resistance of highly pathogenicNaegleria fowleri amoebae to complement-mediated lysis. Infect Immun 57:3869
Whitnack E, Beachey EH (1982) Antiopsonic activity of fibrinogen bound to M protein on the surface of group A streptococci. J Clin Invest 69:1042
Whitnack E, Poirier TP, Beachey EH (1988) Complement-mediated opsonization of group A streptococci inhibited by the binding of fibrinogen to surface M protein fibrillae. In: Cabello FC, Pruzzo C (eds) Bacteria, complement and the phagocytic cell. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 201–210
Winkelstein JA, Abramovitz AS, Tomasz A (1980) Activation of C3 via the alternative complement pathway results in fixation of C3b to the pneumococcal cell wall. J Immunol 124:2502
Winkinson BJ, Sisson SP, Kim Y, Peterson PK (1979) Localization of the third component of complement on the cell wall of encapsulatedStaphylococcus aureus M: implications for the mechanism of resistance to phagocytosis. Infect Immun 26:1159
Aguero ME, Cabello FC (1983) Relative contribution of CoIV plasmid and K1 antigen to the pathogenicity ofEscherichia coli. Infect Immun 40:359
Binns MM, Davies DL, Hardy KG (1979) Cloned fragments of the plasmid CoIV,1-94 specifying virulence and serum resistance. Nature 279:778
Binns MM, Mayden J, Levine RP (1982) Further characterization of complement resistance conferred onEscherichia coliby the plasmid genes traT of R100 and iss of CoIV,I-K94. Infect Immun 35:654
Russo T, Moffitt M, Hammer C, Frank M (1993) Tnpho A-mediated disruption of K54 capsular polysaccharide genes inEscherichia coli confers serum sensitivity. Infect Immun 61:3578
Timmis KN, Boulnols GJ, Bitter-Suermann D, Cabello FC (1985) Surface components ofEscherichia coli that mediate resistance to the bactericidal activities of serum and phagocytes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 118:197
Weiser JN, Gotschlich EC (1991) Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) contributes to serum resistance and pathogenicity of Escherichia coli K-1. Infect Immun 59:2252
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Moffitt, M.C., Frank, M.M. Complement resistance in microbes. Springer Semin Immunopathol 15, 327–344 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01837364
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01837364