Summary
This work presents early findings in the articular cartilage of dog knees in experimental hemarthrosis produced by injections of whole blood, red blood cells, white blood cells, serum, and iron citrate. The effect of coagulation and synovectomy was also studied. The fixed-charge density determination has proved to be a reliable, easy, and rapid method for finding—very early in the process—quantitative changes in cartilage ground substance. Changes in the proteoglycan (PG) content of articular cartilage matrix take place after a certain duration and intensity of hemarthrosis, after which loss of ground substance is repeatedly and consistently observed. After some time (6 months, and culminating after 14 months in our study) a reparative reaction takes place. In experimental hemarthrosis of longer duration this healing reaction seems to be overwhelmed by the degrading forces, with probable further evolution to the fullblown pathology. The cellular components of the blood seem to play a major role. Prophylactic synovectomy seems to be effective only in preventing further bleeding. Coagulation of the intra-articular blood does not alter its deleterious effect. Finally, a small iron ligand alone, although proven in vitro to penetrate into cartilage, is not capable of producing matrix changes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahlberg A, Pettersson H (1979) Synoviorthesis with radioactive gold in hemophiliacs. Acta Orthop Scand 50:513
Bøyum A (1968) Separation of leucocytes from blood and bone marrow. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 21[Suppl]:97
Brighton CT, Bigley EC, Smolenski BI (1970) Iron-induced arthritis in immature rabbits. Arthritis Rheum 13:849
Choi YC, Hough AJ, Morris GM, Sokoloff L (1981) Experimental siderosis of articular chondrocytes cultured in vitro. Arthritis Rheum 24:890
Collins DH (1951) Haemosiderosis and haemochromatosis of synovial tissues. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 33:436
Convery FR, Woo SLY, Akeson WH, Auriel D, Malcolm LL (1976) Experimental hemarthrosis in the knee of the mature canine. Arthritis Rheum 19:59
Cotta H, Puhl W, Niethard FU (1982) Der Einfluß des Haemarthrose auf den Knorpel der Gelenke. Unfallchirurgie 8:145
Davies P, Rita GA, Krakaner K, Weissman G (1971) Characterization of neutral protease from lysosomes of rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Biochem J 123:559
Dyszy-Laube B, Kaminski W, Grizycka I, Kaminska D, Sekowskazurada I, Ludert E (1974) Synovectomy in the treatment of hemophilic arthropathy. J Pediatr Surg 9:123
Freeman WDSC, Maroudas A (1975) Charged group behaviour in cartilage proteoglycans in relation to pH. Ann Rheum Dis [Suppl 2] 34:44
Galway RD, Cruess RL (1972) Enzyme activity in articular cartilage after synovectomy of the knee in the rabbit. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 54:360
Ghadially FN, Roy S (1967) Histochemistry of synovium in experimental haemarthrosis in the rabbit. Ann Rheum Dis 26:117
Gritzka TL, Cheesman RL, Lavigne A (1973) Deterioration of articular cartilage caused by continuous compression in a moving rabbit joint. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 55:1698
Guicciardi E, Little K (1967) Some observations on the effects of blood and a fibrinolytic enzyme on articular cartilage in the rabbit. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 49:342
Hall MC (1963) Cartilage changes after experimental immobilization of the knee joint of the young rat. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 45:36
Hoaglund FT (1967) Experimental hemarthrosis. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 48:285
Hough AJ, Banfield NG, Sokoloff L (1976) Cartilage in hemophilic arthropathy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 100:91
Key JA (1929) Experimental arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg 11:705
Kirkpatrick CJ, Mohr W, Haferkamp O (1982) Alterations in chondrocyte morphology, proliferation and binding of35SO4 due to Fe (III), Fe (II), ferritin and haemoglobin in vitro. Virchows Arch [Cell Pathol] 38:297
Malemud CJ, Janoff A (1975) Identification of neutral proteases in human neutrophil granules that degrade articular cartilage proteoglycan. Arthritis Rheum 18:361
Mankin HJ, Lippiello L (1971) Biochemical and metabolic abnormalities in articular cartilage from osteoarthritic human hips. II. Correlation of morphology with biochemical and metabolic data. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 53:523
Mankin HJ, Johnson ME, Lippielo L (1981) Biochemical and metabolic abnormalities in articular cartilage from osteoarthritic human hips. III. Distribution and metabolism of amino sugar-containing macromolecules. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 63:131
Maroudas A, Thomas H (1970) A simple physicochemical micromethod for determining fixed anionic groups in connective tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta 215:214
Maroudas A (1979) Physiochemical properties of articular cartilage. In: Freeman MAR (ed) Adult articular cartilage. Pitman, London, pp 215–290
May PM, Linder PW, Williams DR (1977) Computer simulation of metal-ion equilibria in biofluids. Models for the low-molecular-weight complex distribution of calcium (II), magnesium (II), manganese (I), iron (III), copper (II), zinc (II) and lead (II) ions in human blood plasma. J Chem Soc 77:588
McDevitt CA, Muir H (1977) An experimental model of osteoarthritis. Early morphological and biochemical changes. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 59:24
Mitchell NS, Cruess RL (1967) The effect of synovectomy on articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 49:1099
O'Driscoll SW, Kumar A, Salter RB (1983) The effect of the volume of effusion, joint position and continuous passive motion on intraarticular pressure in the rabbit knee. J Rheumatol 10:360
Patzakis MJ, Milis DM, Bartholomew BA, Clayton ML, Smyth CJ (1973) A visual, histological and enzymatic study of regenerating rheumatoid synovium in the synovectomized knee. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 55:287
Pietrogrande V, Dioguardi N, Mannucci PM (1972) Short-term evaluation of synovectomy in haemophilia. Br Med J 2:378
Puhl W, Dustmann HO, Schulitz KP (1971) Knorpelver-änderungen bei experimentellen Hämarthrose. Z Orthop 109:475
Puhl W, Weber M, Dustmann HO (1978) Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen zur Schädigungsmöglichkeit des Gelenkknorpels nach Synovektomie durch posttraumatischen Hämarthros. Verh Dtsch Ges Rheumatol 5:92
Rippey JJ, Hill RRH, Lurie A, Swert MBE, Thomas EJMA, Handelsman JE (1978) Articular cartilage degeneration and the pathology of haemophilic arthropathy. S Afr Med J 54:345
Roy S, Ghadially FN (1966) Pathology of experimental haemarthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis 26:402
Roy S (1968) Ultrastructure of articular cartilage in experimental hemarthrosis. Arch Pathol 86:69
Saklatvala J, Sarsfield SJ, Pilsworth LMC (1983) Characterization of proteins from human synovium and mono-nuclear leucocytes that induce resorption of cartilage proteoglycan in vitro. Biochem J 209:337
Sancho FG (1978) El hemartros a tension como modelo experimental de artropatia hemofilica. Rev Esp Cir Ost 13:1
Sancho FG (1980) Experimental model of hemophilic arthropathy with high-pressure haemarthrosis. Int Orthop 4:57
Schulitz KP (1974) Synovektomie und Gelenkknorpel. Z Orthop 112:118
Sneppen O, Beck H, Holsteen V (1978) Synovectomy as a prophylactic measure in recurrent haemophilic haemarthrosis. Acta Paediatr Scand 67:491
Soeur R (1949) The synovial membrane of the knee in pathological conditions. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 31:327
Sood SC (1971) A study of the effects of experimental immobilization on rabbit articular cartilage. J Anat 108:497
Stein H, Duthie RB (1981) The pathogenesis of chronic haemophilic arthropathy. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 63:601
Storti E, Ascari E (1975) Surgical and chemical synovectomy. Ann NY Acad Sci 240:316
Tammi M, Saamanen AM, Janhiainen A, Malminen O, Kiviranta I, Helminen H (1983) Proteoglycan alterations in rabbit knee articular cartilage following physical exercise and immobilization. Connect Tissue Res 11:45
Turner BM, Fisher RA, Harris H (1971) An association between the kinetic and electrophoretic properties of human purine-nucleoside-phosphorylase isozymes. Eur J Biochem 24:288
Turner BM, Fisher RA, Harris H (1974) The age-related loss of activity of four enzymes in the human erythrocytes. Clin Chim Acta 50:85
Volz RG (1966) The response of synovial tissues to recurrent hemarthroses. Clin Orthop 15:127
Wolf CR, Mankin HJ (1965) The effect of experimental hemarthrosis on articular cartilage of rabbit knee joints. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 47:1203
Young JM, Hudacek AG (1954) Experimental production of pigmented villonodular synovitis in dogs. Am J Pathol 30:799
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fabry, G. Early changes in the ground substance of articular cartilage in experimental hemarthrosis in dogs, measured by the fixed-charge density method. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 108, 76–91 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00932161
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00932161