Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Amphotericin B Lipid Complex in the Management of Invasive Fungal Infections in Immunocompromised Patients

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Clinical Drug Investigation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Invasive fungal infections are associated with a poor outcome and their incidence is rising. Amphotericin B has for a long time been the gold standard for treatment of these infections, but the conventional formulation is associated with a high incidence of adverse events. Lipid formulations of amphotericin, developed to overcome these drawbacks, are now routinely used in clinical practice for the treatment of invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) is prepared from amphotericin complexed to two phospholipids, a process that confers a number of important pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties compared with conventional amphotericin B.

The results of retrospective observational studies and the analysis of databases, including the large Collaborative Exchange of Antifungal Research (CLEAR) database, have shown ABLC to be associated with response rates of up to about 80% in patients with confirmed fungal infections and around 60% in those treated empirically.

Intranasal administration of ABLC for prophylaxis of invasive fungal infection in immunocompromised patients is safe and appears to be a promising treatment strategy for the future. ABLC is associated with a substantially lower incidence of nephrotoxicity than conventional amphotericin. Infusion-related reactions also occur less frequently than with conventional amphotericin and can be managed using premedication protocols. When direct and indirect costs are measured, ABLC appears to be less expensive than conventional amphotericin.

The number of approved antifungal agents that are effective treatments for invasive fungal infections is increasing. However, lipid formulations of amphotericin, such as ABLC, are effective and well tolerated and remain the standard of care in the treatment of invasive fungal infections. Treatment strategies such as intranasal administration for prophylaxis and combination therapy with newer agents are future directions for these agents.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Table I
Table II
Table III
Table IV

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, et al. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 2003; 348(16): 1546–54

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Pagano L, Caira M, Candoni A, et al. The epidemiology of fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies: the SEIFEM-2004 study. Haematologica 2006; 91(8): 1068–75

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Maschmeyer G, Haas A, Cornely OA. Invasive aspergillosis: epidemiology, diagnosis and management in immuno-compromised patients. Drugs 2007; 67(11): 1567–601

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Tortorano AM, Kibbler C, Peman J, et al. Candidaemia in Europe: epidemiology and resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006; 27(5): 359–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Chu P, Sadullah S. The current role of amphotericin B lipid complex in managing systemic fungal infections. Curr Med Res Opin 2009; 25(12): 3011–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Linden P, Williams P, Chan KM. Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B lipid complex injection (ABLC) in solid-organ transplant recipients with invasive fungal infections. Clin Transplant 2000; 14 (4 Pt 1): 329–39

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Knapp KM, Flynn PM. Newer treatments for fungal infections. J Support Oncol 2005; 3(4): 290–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Maschmeyer G. New antifungal agents: treatment standards are beginning to grow old. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 49(2): 239–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bassetti M, Righi E, Costa A, et al. Epidemiological trends in nosocomial candidemia in intensive care. BMC Infect Dis 2006 10; 6: 21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Tortorano AM, Peman J, Bernhardt H, et al., ECMM Working Group on Candidaemia. Epidemiology of candidaemia in Europe: results of 28-month European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) hospital-based surveillance study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 23(4): 317–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Odds FC, Hanson MF, Davidson AD, et al. One year prospective survey of Candida bloodstream infections in Scotland. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56 (Pt 8): 1066–75

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Borg-von Zepelin M, Kunz L, Rüchel R, et al. Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibilities of Candida spp. to six antifungal agents: results from a surveillance study on fungaemia in Germany from July 2004 to August 2005. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60(2): 424–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Arendrup MC, Fuursted K, Gahrn-Hansen B, et al. Seminational surveillance of fungaemia in Denmark 2004–2006: increasing incidence of fungaemia and numbers of isolates with reduced azole susceptibility. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14(5): 487–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Pagano L, Caira M, Candoni A, et al. Invasive aspergillosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: a SEIFEM-2008 registry study. Haematologica 2010; 95(4): 644–50

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, Park BJ, et al. Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001–2006: overview of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET) Database. Clin Infect Dis 2010 Apr 15; 50(8): 1091–100

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kontoyiannis DP, Lionakis MS, Lewis RE, et al. Zygomy-cosis in a tertiary-care cancer center in the era of Aspergillus-active antifungal therapy: a case-control observational study of 27 recent cases. J Infect Dis. 2005 Apr 15; 191(8): 1350–60

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Baginski M, Czub J. Amphotericin B and its new derivatives: mode of action. Curr Drug Metab 2009; 10(5): 459–69

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Laniado-Laborín R, Cabrales-Vargas MN. Amphotericin B: side effects and toxicity. Rev Iberoam Micol 2009; 26(4): 223–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Fanos V, Cataldi L. Renal transport of antibiotics and nephrotoxicity: a review. J Chemother 2001; 13(5): 461–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Walsh TJ, Hiemenz JW, Seibel NL, et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections: analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26(6): 1383–96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Martino R. Efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC): a review of the literature. Curr Med Res Opin 2004; 20(4): 485–504

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Matot I, Pizov R. Pulmonary extraction and accumulation of lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Crit Care Med 2000; 28(7): 2528–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Jessup C, Reyes G, Fothergill A, et al. A head-on comparison of the in vitro antifungal activity of conventional and lipid-based amphotericin B: a multicenter study. J Chemother 2000; 12(1): 22–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Johnson EM, Ojwang JO, Szekely A, et al. Comparison of in vitro antifungal activities of free and liposome-encapsulated nystatin with those of four amphotericin B formulations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42(6): 1412–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Adedoyin A, Bernardo JF, Swenson CE, et al. Pharmacokinetic profile of ABELCET (amphotericin B lipid complex injection): combined experience from phase I and phase II studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41(10): 2201–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wong-Beringer A, Jacobs RA, Guglielmo BJ. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B: clinical efficacy and toxicities. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27(3): 603–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Legrand P, Vertut-Doi A, Bolard J. Comparative inter-nalization and recycling of different amphotericin B formulations by a macrophage-like cell line. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37(3): 519–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bhamra R, Sa’ad A, Bolcsak LE, et al. Behavior of amphotericin B lipid complex in plasma in vitro and in the circulation of rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41(5): 886–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bekersky I, Fielding RM, Dressler DE, et al. Plasma protein binding of amphotericin B and pharmacokinetics of bound versus unbound amphotericin B after administration of intravenous liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) and amphotericin B deoxycholate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46(3): 834–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Groll AH, Lyman CA, Petraitis V, et al. Compartmentalized intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B and its lipid formulations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50(10): 3418–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Mehta J, Kelsey S, Chu P, et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) for the treatment of confirmed or presumed fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with hematologic malignancies. Bone Marrow Transplant 1997; 20(1): 39–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Herbrecht R, Auvrignon A, Andrés E, et al. Efficacy of amphotericin B lipid complex in the treatment of invasive fungal infections in immunosuppressed pediatric patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 20(2): 77–82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ito JI, Chandrasekar PH, Hooshmand-Rad R. Effectiveness of amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) treatment in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients with invasive aspergillosis (IA). Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 36(10): 873–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ito JI, Hooshmand-Rad R. Treatment of Candida infections with amphotericin B lipid complex. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40(Suppl. 6): S384–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Chandrasekar PH, Ito JI. Amphotericin B lipid complex in the management of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40Suppl. 6: S392–400

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Perfect JR. Treatment of non-Aspergillus moulds in immunocompromised patients, with amphotericin B lipid complex. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40Suppl. 6: S401–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Clark AD, McKendrick S, Tansey PJ, et al. A comparative analysis of lipid-complexed and liposomal amphotericin B preparations in hematological oncology. Br J Haematol 1998; 103(1): 198–204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Fleming RV, Kantarjian HM, Husni R, et al. Comparison of amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) vs. ambisome in the treatment of suspected or documented fungal infections in patients with leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2001; 40(5–6): 511–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Cannon JP, Garey KW, Danziger LH. A prospective and retrospective analysis of the nephrotoxicity and efficacy of lipid-based amphotericin B formulations. Pharmacotherapy 2001; 21(9): 1107–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Mattiuzzi GN, Kantarjian H, Faderl S, et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex as prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome undergoing induction chemotherapy. Cancer 2004; 100(3): 581–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Pappas PG. Amphotericin B lipid complex in the treatment of invasive fungal infections: results of the Collaborative Exchange of Antifungal Research (CLEAR), an industry-supported patient registry. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40(Suppl. 6): S379–83

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Larkin JA, Montero JA. Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B lipid complex for zygomycosis. Infect Med. 2003; 20: 201–6

    Google Scholar 

  43. Hachem RY, Boktour MR, Hanna HA, et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex versus liposomal amphotericin B mono-therapy for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancy. Cancer 2008 Mar 15; 112(6): 1282–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Wingard JR, White MH, Anaissie E, et al. A randomized, double-blind comparative trial evaluating the safety of liposomal amphotericin B versus amphotericin B lipid complex in the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31(5): 1155–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Rijnders BJ, Cornelissen JJ, Slobbe L, et al. Aerosolized liposomal amphotericin B for the prevention of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis during prolonged neutropenia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46(9): 1401–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Drew R, Ashley E, Benjamin D, et al. Comparative safety of amphotericin B lipid complex and amphotericin B deoxycholate as aerosolized antifungal prophylaxis in lung-transplant recipients. Transplantation 2004; 77(2): 232–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Alexander BD, Dodds Ashley ES, Addison RM, et al. Non-comparative evaluation of the safety of aerosolized amphotericin B lipid complex in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2006; 8(1): 13–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Husain S, Zaldonis D, Kusne S, et al. Variation in antifungal prophylaxis strategies in lung transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2006; 8(4): 213–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Cornely OA, Böhme A, Buchheidt D, et al. Primary prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies: recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society for Haematology and Oncology. Haematologica 2009; 94(1): 113–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Perfect JR. Aerosolized antifungal prophylaxis: the winds of change? Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46(9): 1409–11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ho KM, Duff O, Chambers D, et al. Meta-analysis of nebulized amphotericin B to prevent or treat pulmonary aspergillosis in immunosuppressed animals. Transpl Infect Dis 2008; 10(3): 168–76

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Alexander BD, Wingard JR. Study of renal safety in amphotericin B lipid complex-treated patients. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40Suppl. 6: S414–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Aguado JM, Lumbreras C, González-Vidal D, Grupo de Farmacovigilancia de Abelcet. Assessment of nephrotoxicity in patients receiving amphotericin B lipid complex: a pharmacosurveillance study in Spain. Clin Microbiol Infect} 2004}; 10(9)}: 785–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Miller CB, Waller EK, Klingemann HG, et al. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B preserve and stabilize renal function in HSCT recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004; 33(5): 543–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Walsh TJ, Seibel NL, Arndt C, et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex in pediatric patients with invasive fungal infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18(8): 702–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Wiley JM, Seibel NL, Walsh TJ. Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B lipid complex in 548 children and adolescents with invasive fungal infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24(2): 167–74

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Safdar A, Ma J, Saliba F, et al. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity caused by amphotericin B lipid complex and liposomal amphotericin B: a review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2010 Jul; 89(4): 236–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Sau K, Mambula SS, Latz E, et al. The antifungal drug amphotericin B promotes inflammatory cytokine release by a toll-like receptor- and CD14-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2003; 278(39): 37561–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Wingard JR. Efficacy of amphotericin B lipid complex injection (ABLC) in bone marrow transplant recipients with life-threatening systemic mycoses. Bone Marrow Transplant 1997; 19(4): 343–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Craddock C, Anson J, Chu P, et al. Best practice guidelines for the management of adverse events associated with amphotericin B lipid complex. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2010; 9(1): 139–47

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Subirà M, Martino R, Gómez L, et al. Low-dose amphotericin B lipid complex vs. conventional amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy of neutropenic fever in patients with hematologic malignancies: a randomized, controlled trial. Eur J Haematol 2004; 72(5): 342–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. O’Connor N, Borley A. Prospective audit of the effectiveness of hydrocortisone premedication on drug delivery reactions following amphotericin B lipid complex. Curr Med Res Opin 2009; 25(3): 749–54

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Garbino J, Schnetzler G, Roberts C. Invasive aspergillosis: is treatment with ‘inexpensive’ amphotericin B cost-saving if ‘expensive’ voriconazole is only used on demand? Swiss Med Wkly 2005; 135(39–40): 624–30

    Google Scholar 

  64. Kuti JL, Kotapati S, Williams P, et al. Pharmacoeconomic analysis of amphotericin B lipid complex versus liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of fungal infections. Pharmacoeconomics 2004; 22(5): 301–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Bruynesteyn K, Gant V, McKenzie C, et al. A cost-effectiveness analysis of caspofungin vs. liposomal amphotericin B for treatment of suspected fungal infections in the UK. Eur J Haematol 2007; 78(6): 532–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Collins CD, Stuntebeck ER, DePestel DD, et al. Pharmacoeconomic analysis of liposomal amphotericin B versus voriconazole for empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia. Clin Drug Investig 2007; 27(4): 233–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Cornely O, Sidhu M, Odeyemi I, et al. Economic analysis of micafungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for treatment of candidaemia and invasive candidiasis in Germany. Curr Med Res Opin 2008; 24: 1743–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Al-Badriyeh D, Liew D, Stewart K, et al. Cost-effectiveness evaluation of voriconazole versus liposomal amphotericin B as empirical therapy for febrile neutropenia in Australia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63(1): 197–208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Tunger O, Bayram H, Degerli K, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of combination and monotherapy with caspofungin and liposomal amphotericin B against invasive candidiasis. Saudi Med J 2008; 29: 728–33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Esposito V, Viglietti R, Gargiulo M, et al. Successful treatment of cryptococcal meningitis with a combination of amphotericin B, flucytosine and posaconazole: two case reports. In Vivo 2009; 23(3): 465–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Sedlacek P, Vavra V, Masova I, et al. Successful therapy with ABLC, surgery and posaconazole for Rhizopus microsporus varrhizopodiformis liver eumycetoma in a child with acute leukemia. Mycoses 2009; 52(3): 276–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Ito JI, Kriengkauykiat J, Dadwal SS, et al. Approaches to the early treatment of invasive fungal infection. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51(9): 1623–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Editorial assistance was provided by Luca Giacomelli, PhD, on behalf of inScience Communications, a Wolters Kluwer business. This assistance was funded by Cephalon, Rome, Italy, which provided an unrestricted educational grant for this purpose only; the company had absolutely no influence on the content of the manuscript.

Matteo Bassetti has received consultancy fees and/or honoraria from Pfizer, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), Angelini, Astellas, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Bayer, Aventis and Cephalon. Franco Aversa has received consultancy fees and honoraria from MSD, Pfizer, Gilead and Cephalon. Anna Maria Nosari has received consultancy fees from Cephalon and research grants from MSD, Gilead, Pfizer and Cephalon. The other authors have received consultancy fees from Cephalon.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Infectious Diseases Division, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy

    Matteo Bassetti

  2. Hematology and Clinic Immunology Unit, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy

    Franco Aversa

  3. Internal Medicine Department, Genova University, Genova, Italy

    Filippo Ballerini

  4. Hematology Department, BMT Unit, CIC 623, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy

    Fabio Benedetti

  5. Hematology Department, BMT Unit, Molinette San Giovanni Battista Ospital, Turin, Italy

    Alessandro Busca

  6. Hematology Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy

    Nicola Cascavilla

  7. Pathology and Diagnostics Department, Verona University, Verona, Italy

    Ercole Concia

  8. Hematology Unit, S. Eugenio Hospital, Rome, Italy

    Andrea Tendas

  9. Hematology Institute, Catania University, Catania, Italy

    Francesco Di Raimondo

  10. Hematology Department, Moscati Ospital, Taranto, Italy

    Patrizio Mazza

  11. Hematology Unit, Ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda, Milan, Italy

    Anna Maria Nosari

  12. S.C. Hematology and Oncology Department, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy

    Giuseppe Rossi

Authors
  1. Matteo Bassetti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Franco Aversa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Filippo Ballerini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Fabio Benedetti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Alessandro Busca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Nicola Cascavilla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ercole Concia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Andrea Tendas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Francesco Di Raimondo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Patrizio Mazza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Anna Maria Nosari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Giuseppe Rossi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matteo Bassetti.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bassetti, M., Aversa, F., Ballerini, F. et al. Amphotericin B Lipid Complex in the Management of Invasive Fungal Infections in Immunocompromised Patients. Clin. Drug Investig. 31, 745–758 (2011). https://doi.org/10.2165/11593760-000000000-00000

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/11593760-000000000-00000

Keywords

Search

Navigation