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Samuil Kaplan and the development of astrophysical research at the Lviv University

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Abstract

Samuil Kaplan (1921–1978) was a productive and famous astrophysicist. He was affiliated with a number of scientific centers in different cities of former Soviet Union. The earliest 13 years of his career, namely in the 1948–1961 years, he worked in Lviv University in Ukraine (then it was called the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic). In the present paper, the Lviv period of his life and scientific activity is described on the basis of archival materials and his published studies. Kaplan arrived in Lviv in June 1948, at the same month when he obtained the degree of Candidate of science. He was a head of the astrophysics sector at the Astronomical Observatory of the University, was a professor of department for theoretical physics as well as the founder and head of a station for optical observations of artificial satellites of Earth. He was active in the organization of the astronomical observational site outside of the city. During the years in Lviv, Kaplan wrote more than 80 articles and 3 monographs in 9 areas. The focus of his interests at that time was on stability of circular orbits in the Schwarzschild field, on white dwarf theory, on space gas dynamics, and cosmic plasma physics, and turbulence, on acceleration of cosmic rays, on physics of interstellar medium, on physics and evolution of stars, on cosmology and gravitation, and on optical observations of Earth artificial satellites. Some of his results are fundamental for development of theory in these fields as well as of observational techniques. The complete bibliography of his works published during the Lviv period is presented. Respective scientific achievements of Samuil Kaplan are reviewed in the light of the current state of research in these areas.

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Notes

  1. The recording of the seminar is available at https://youtu.be/YewcivEhdss.

  2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuil_Kaplan.

  3. S. Kaplan’s personal file, No 5583, the Archives of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv.

  4. This is the currency at that time.

  5. In the extract from the Order No 678 of Ivan Franko State University of Lviv, it is listed as the optical station of the Faculty of Physics.

  6. The Soviet system of scientific degrees was two-level: the 1st scientific degree, candidate of sciences, is similar to a PhD, the 2nd scientific degree, doctor of sciences, is similar to a habilitated doctor in some countries. Each level was achieved by the applicant after a positive evaluation of the corresponding thesis and its public defence in the special councils.

  7. Now Nizhny Novgorod, regional center in central Russia.

  8. Pankrashkina N.G., Sitkova Z.P., Samuil Aronovich Kaplan, http://www.itmm.unn.ru/ob-institute/nemnogo-istorii/memorial/samuil-aronovich-kaplan/.

  9. Returning from a business trip to Leningrad, he died at the Bologoye station, having fallen under a train.

  10. Such numbers refer to papers from the Bibliography of Samuil Kaplan in the Lviv period presented at the end of this paper.

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Acknowledgements

The authors express deep gratitude to Andrii Rovenchak, Professor of the Department of Theoretical Physics named after Ivan Vakarchuk, for valuable help in forming the bibliography of S. Kaplan’s works written during the Lviv period, insightful discussions and useful remarks. We would also like to thank the Armed Forces of Ukraine for their resilience and courage which saved us and provided security to finalize this work during the unpvoked invasion of russian army into Ukraine.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 8, Kyryla i Methodia Str., L’viv, 79005, Ukraine

    B. Novosyadlyj, Yu. Kulinich, B. Melekh, M. Tsizh, M. Vavrukh & N. Virun

  2. Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine

    B. Hnatyk

  3. Pidstryhach Institute for Applied Problems of Mechanics and Mathematics, NASU, 3-b, Naukova Str., L’viv, 79060, Ukraine

    O. Petruk & R. Plyatsko

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  1. B. Novosyadlyj
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Dedicated to the 100th anniversary of his birth.

Bibliography of S. Kaplan’s works written in the Lviv period

Bibliography of S. Kaplan’s works written in the Lviv period

The papers 1–76 in this list were published in Russian which dominated in science in the USSR.

  1. 1.

    Kaplan S.A. On circular orbits in Einstein’s theory of gravitation (Letter to the editor). Zhurn. Exper. Theor. Phys. - 1949. - Vol. 19, No 10. - P. 951–952.

  2. 2.

    Kaplan S.A. Energy sources and evolution of white dwarfs. Scientific notes (Lviv University). Phys.-math. Ser. Astronomy. - 1949. - Vol. 15, Issue 4. - P. 101–107.

  3. 3.

    Kaplan S.A. Superdense stars. Scientific notes (Lviv University). Phys.-math. Ser. Astronomy. - 1949. - Vol. 15, Issue 4. - P. 109–116.

  4. 4.

    Kaplan S.A. Cooling of white dwarfs. Astron. Zhurn. - 1950. - Vol. 27, No 1. - P. 31–33.

  5. 5.

    Kaplan S.A. The rotational relaxation time of the galaxy. Astron. Zhurn. - 1950. - Vol. 27, No 3. - P. 177–179.

  6. 6.

    Kaplan S.A. About the article “Time of rotational relaxation of the galaxy.” Astron. Zhurn. - 1950. - No 3; (The author’s letter to the editors about the erroneous conclusions with the editor’s notes). Astron. Zhurn. - 1950. - Vol. 27, No 5. - P. 320.

  7. 7.

    Kaplan S.A. Reflection of light by dusty nebulae. Astron. Zhurn. - 1952. - Vol. 29, No 3. - P. 326–333.

  8. 8.

    Kaplan S.A. The energy of the total radiation of stars. Astron. Zhurn. - 1952. - Vol. 29, No 6. - P. 649–653.

  9. 9.

    Kaplan S.A. Brief report of the expedition of the Lvov Astronomical Observatory to observe the solar eclipse of February 25, 1952. Astron. circular (AS USSR). - 1952. - No 126. - P. 5–6.

  10. 10.

    Kaplan S.A. On the conditions of an irrotational flow of gas in interstellar space. Rep. Acad. Sci. USSR. - 1952. - Vol. 87, No 6. - P. 909–912.

  11. 11.

    Kaplan S.A. On the possibility of observational verification of the hypothesis of the turbulent nature of the motion of interstellar gas. Circular Astron. Observ. (Lviv University). - 1952. - No 23. - P. 1–5.

  12. 12.

    Kaplan S.A. An elementary method for determining the physical characteristics of cosmic dust. Circular Astron. Observ. (Lviv University). - 1952. - No 23. - P. 5.

  13. 13.

    Kaplan S.A. On the question of star formation. Astron. Zhurn. - 1953. - Vol. 30, No 4. - P. 391–393.

  14. 14.

    Kaplan S.A. Quantitative characteristics of interstellar gas turbulence. Rep. Acad. Sci. USSR. - 1953. - Vol. 89, No 5. - P. 801–804.

  15. 15.

    Kaplan S.A. On the question of star formation. Reports and announcements (Lviv University). - 1953. - Issue 4, ч.2. - P. 74–75.

  16. 16.

    Kaplan S.A. Turbulence of interstellar gas. Reports at the 2nd meeting on cosmogony: in the book: Proceedings of the Second meeting on cosmogony. Moscow, 1953. - P. 221–224.

  17. 17.

    Kaplan S.A. On the condensation of interstellar gas on cosmic dust particles. Scientific Notes (Lviv University). Ser. fiz.-mat. - 1953. - Vol. 22, No 5. - P. 111–114.

  18. 18.

    Kanлaн. Interstellar Hydrogen Interaction with Cosmic Dust and L\(_{\alpha }\) Radiation Density in Interstellar Space. Scientific Notes (Lviv University). Ser. fiz.-mat. - 1953. - Vol. 22, No 5. - P. 115–120.

  19. 19.

    Kaplan S.A. On the spectral function of isotropic turbulence in a compressible gas. Circular Astron. Observ. (Lviv University). - 1953. - No 25. - P. 1–4.

  20. 20.

    Kaplan S.A. On the theory of acceleration of charged particles by turbulent magnetic fields. Circular Astron. Observ. (Lviv University). - 1953. - No 27. - P. 1–10.

  21. 21.

    Kaplan S.A. Isothermal flow of gas in interstellar space. Density and speed jumps. Astron. Zhurn. - 1954. - Vol. 31, No 1. - P. 31–35.

  22. 22.

    Kaplan S.A. Velocity distribution function of turbulent motion of interstellar gas. Astron. Zhurn. - 1954. - Vol. 31, No 2. - P. 137–170.

  23. 23.

    Kaplan S.A. On the possibility of explaining the structure of filamentous nebulae. Astron. Zhurn. - 1954. - Vol. 31, No 4. - P. 358–359.

  24. 24.

    Kaplan S.A. On conservation of velocity circulation in magnetogasdynamics. Astron. Zhurn. - 1954. - Vol. 31, No 4. - P. 360–361.

  25. 25.

    Kaplan S.A. On the influence of stellar encounters on the correlation “Eccentricity - Semi-major axis”: in the book: Questions of Cosmogony. 1954. - Vol. 2. - P. 269–272.

  26. 26.

    Kaplan S.A. The system of spectral equations of magneto-gasdynamic isotropic turbulence. Rep. Acad. Sci. USSR. - 1954. - Vol. 94, No 1. - P. 33–37.

  27. 27.

    Kaplan S.A. Spectral theory of gas-magnetic isotropic turbulence. Zhurn. Exper. Theor. Phys. - 1954. - Vol. 27, No 6. - P. 699–707.

  28. 28.

    Kaplan S.A. On turbulent density fluctuations in interstellar space. Scientific notes (Lviv university). Astron. collection. - 1952. - Vol. 32, No 2. - P. 53–57.

  29. 29.

    Kaplan S.A. Structural, Correlation, and Spectral Functions of Interstellar Gas Turbulence. Astron. Zhurn. - 1955. - Vol. 32, No 3. - P. 255–264.

  30. 30.

    Kaplan S.A. On the theory of acceleration of charged particles by isotropic gas-magnetic turbulent fields. Zhurn. Exper. Theor. Phys. - 1955. - Vol. 29, No 4. - P. 106–116.

  31. 31.

    Kaplan S.A. Shock waves in non-stationary stars: in the book: Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Cosmogony. non-stationary stars. Moscow, 1955. - P. 178–185.

  32. 32.

    Kaplan S.A. Shock waves in interstellar space. I. Astron. Zhurn. - 1956. - Vol. 33, No 5. - P. 646–653.

  33. 33.

    Kaplan S.A. On the theory of the Fermi mechanism: in the book: Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Cosmogony. Radio astronomy. Moscow, 1956. - P. 508-511.

  34. 34.

    Kaplan S.A. Shock waves in interstellar space. II. Ionization discontinuities. Astron. Zhurn. - 1957. - Vol. 34, No 2. - P. 183–192.

  35. 35.

    Kaplan S.A. Shock waves in interstellar space. III. Gasmagnetic discontinuities. Astron. Zhurn. - 1957. - Vol. 34, No 3. - P. 321–327.

  36. 36.

    Kaplan S.A. Interstellar gas absorption lines. Circular Astron. Observ. (Lviv University). - 1957. - No 33. - P. 1–5.

  37. 37.

    Kaplan S.A. Theory of statistical acceleration of charged particles by isotropic magnetic fields. Circular Astron. Observ. (Lviv University). - 1957. - No 33. - P. 6–25.

  38. 38.

    Kaplan S.A. Nomograms for calculating gasmagnetic shock waves. Circular Astron. Observ. (Lviv University). - 1957. - No 33. - P. 26–28.

  39. 39.

    Kaplan S.A. Methods of gas dynamics of the interstellar medium: Dr.Sci. dis. ... doc. phys.-math. Sciences: Moscow, 1957. 21 c.

  40. 40.

    Astapovich I.S., Kaplan S.A. Visual observations of artificial earth satellites. Moscow: Gostekhizdat, 1957. - 83 p.

  41. 41.

    Baum F.A., Kaplan S.A., Stanyukovich K.P. Introduction to space gasdynamics. Moscow: Fizmatgiz, 1958. - 424 p.

  42. 42.

    Kaplan S.A. Interstellar gasdynamics. Moscow: Fizmatgiz, 1958. - 194 c.

  43. 43.

    Kaplan S.A. How to see, hear and photograph artificial satellites of the Earth. Moscow: Fizmatgiz, 1958. - 80 p.

  44. 44.

    Kaplan S.A. Equation of Motion of Artificial Earth Satellites and Control of Observations. Astron. circular (AS USSR). - 1958. - No 189. - P. 1–3.

  45. 45.

    Kaplan S.A. Method for Approximate Calculation of Ephemerides of Artificial Earth Satellites and Determination of their Orbits. Astron. circular (AS USSR). - 1958. - No 192. - P. 5–8.

  46. 46.

    Kaplan S.A. Magnetic gasdynamics and questions of cosmogony: in the book: Questions of cosmogony. Moscow, 1958. - P. 238–264.

  47. 47.

    Kaplan S.A. On Cosmic Forceless Fields. Astron. Zhurn. - 1959. - Vol. 36, No 5. - P. 800–806.

  48. 48.

    Kaplan S.A. On the Larmor theory of plasma. (Letter to the editor). Zhurn. Exper. Theor. Phys. - 1959. - Vol. 36, No 6. - P. 1927–1928.

  49. 49.

    Kaplan S.A. Cosmological turbulence: in the book: Proceedings of the sixth conference on cosmogony. Extragalactic astronomy and cosmology. Moscow, 1959. - P. 260–262.

  50. 50.

    Kaplan S.A. Influence of anisotropy of conductivity in a magnetic field on the structure of a shock wave in magnetic gas dynamics. (Letter to the editor). Zhurn. Exper. Theor. Phys. - 1960. - Vol. 38, No 1. - P. 252–253.

  51. 51.

    Kaplan S.A. New data on outer space. Kyiv, 1960. - 37. p.

  52. 52.

    Kaplan S.A. Physics of stars. Moscow: Fizmatgiz, 1961. - 151 p.

  53. 53.

    Kaplan S.A. Simple waves and the formation of shock waves in stars. Circular Astron. Observ. (Lviv University). - 1962. - No 37-38. - P. 3–8.

  54. 54.

    Kaplan S.A. Model of “rotating” space of constant curvature. Circular Astron. Observ. (Lviv University). - 1962. - No 37-38. - P. 9–12.

  55. 55.

    Kaplan S.A. About one magnetohydrodynamic problem. Bulletin of Lviv University. Phys. ser. - 1962. - Issue 1(8). - P. 73–74.

  56. 56.

    Kaplan S.A., Gopasyuk S.I. Excitation of interstellar hydrogen glow by electron impacts. Circular Astron. Observ. (Lviv University). - 1953. - No 25. - P. 5–14.

  57. 57.

    Kaplan S.A., Klimishin I.A. Scattering of light in spherical nebulae. Circular Astron. Observ. (Lviv University). - 1953. - No 27. - P. 11–16.

  58. 58.

    Kaplan S.A., Klimishin I.A. On the limiting density of white dwarfs. Circular Astron. Observ. (Lviv University). - 1953. - No 27. - P. 17–22.

  59. 59.

    Kaplan S.A., Klimishin I.A. On the correlation of the observed difference in the degree of interstellar polarization with the angular distance of the corresponding points on the celestial sphere. Astron. Zhurn. - 1959. - Vol. 36, No 2. - P. 370–371.

  60. 60.

    Kaplan S.A., Klimishin I.A. Shock waves in the shells of stars. Astron. Zhurn. - 1959. - Vol. 36, No 3. - P. 410–421.

  61. 61.

    Kaplan S.A., Klimishin I.A., Sivers V.N. Theory of light scattering in a medium with a moving boundary. Astron. Zhurn. - 1960. - Vol. 37, No 1. - P. 9–15.

  62. 62.

    Kaplan S.A., Klimishin I.A. Some Remarks on Light Emission by Shock Waves in Space Conditions. Astron. Zhurn. - 1960. - Vol. 37, No 2. - P. 281–283.

  63. 63.

    Kaplan S.A., Klimovska A.I. On the equation of motion of an artificial Earth satellite in horizontal coordinates. Bulletin of stations for optical observations of artificial satellites of the Earth. - 1960. - No 1. - P. 10–12.

  64. 64.

    Kaplan S.A., Kovalchuk V.G., Korolyshyn B.M. Coefficients of electrical conductivity and diffusion in a relativistic one-component plasma. Bulletin of Lviv University. Phys. ser. - 1962. - Issue 1(8). - P. 79–82.

  65. 65.

    Kaplan S.A., Kolodij B.I. Functional alignment of magnetic hydrodynamics. Reports and announcements (Lviv University). - 1957. - Issue 7, ч.3. - P. 229–230.

  66. 66.

    Kaplan S.A., Kravchuk A.N. Before the statistical theory of gravitational systems. Reports and announcements (Lviv University). - 1957. - Issue 7, ч.3. - P. 230–232.

  67. 67.

    Kaplan S.A., Kurt V.G. Expansion of a sodium cloud in interplanetary space. Astron. Zhurn. - 1960. - Vol. 37, No 3. - P. 536–542.

  68. 68.

    Kaplan S.A., Kutyk I.N. About the development of magnetohydrodynamic and magneto sound waves. Bulletin of Lviv University. Phys. ser. - 1962. - Issue 1(8). - P. 75–78.

  69. 69.

    Kaplan S.A., Logvinenko A.A., Podstrigach T. Before calculating the parameters of gas-magnetic shock waves. Ukr. fiz. zhurn. - 1959. - Vol. 4, N4. - P. 438–447.

  70. 70.

    Kaplan S.A., Logvinenko A.A., Porfir’ev V.V. Some questions of magnetic gas dynamics. Questions of magnetic gas dynamics and plasma dynamics: collection of reports. Riga owl. Riga, 1962. - P. 33–37.

  71. 71.

    Kaplan S.A., Pronik V.I. On the question of interstellar gas turbulence. Circular Astron. Observ. (Lviv University). - 1952. - No 24. - P. 1–5.

  72. 72.

    Kaplan S.A., Pronik V.I. On the question of the turbulent nature of the motion of interstellar gas clouds. Rep. Acad. Sci. USSR. - 1953. - Vol. 89, No 4. - P. 643–66.

  73. 73.

    Kaplan S.A., Sivers V.N. General problem of light scattering in a one-dimensional medium with a moving boundary. (To the problems of astrophysics. Astron. Zhurn. - 1960. - Vol. 37, No 5. - P. 824–827.

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    Kaplan S.A., Tsap T.T. Ionization functions of elements KI, CaI, CaII, NaI, CI in interstellar space. Astron. circular (AS USSR). - 1953. - No 137. - P. 6–7.

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    Kaplan S.A. On the formation of the interstellar gas clouds. Rev. Mod. Phys. - 1958. - Vol. 30, No 3. - P. 943.

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    Kaplan S.A. Theory of Isotropic Magnetic Turbulence in Gases. Electromagnetic Phenomena in Cosmical Physics. IAU Symposium no. 6: proceedings / Ed. Bo Lehnert.: Cambridge University Press. - 1958. - P. 504–512.

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    Kaplan S.A. Jak vidět, slyšet a fotografovat uměle družicé Země. Praha, SNTL. 1959. - 89 s.

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    Kaplan S.A. On Cosmic Force-Free Fields. Soviet Astron. - 1959. - Vol. 3.-P. 778–783.

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    Kaplan S.A. Shock-Waves in Stars. Modéles d’Etoiles et Évolution Stellaire: communications présentées au neuvième Colloque International d’astrophysique, tenu à Liège, les 6, 7 et 8 juillet 1959.- Liège: Société Royale de Liège, 1960. - P. 296–297.

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    Kaplan S.A. On the theory of propagation and decay of hydromagnetic waves in the anisotropic medium. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1960. - Vol. 32, No 4. - P. 881.

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    Kaplan S.A., Klimishin I.A. On the Correlation Between the Observed Difference in the Degree of Interstellar Polarization and the Angular Distance of the Corresponding Points on the Celestial Sphere. Soviet Astron. - 1959. - Vol. 3. - P. 362.

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    Kaplan S.A., Klimishin I.A. Some Notes on the Emission of Light by Shock Waves under Cosmic Conditions. Soviet Astron. - 1960. - Vol. 4. - P. 264–266.

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    Kaplan S.A., Kurt V.G. Expansion of a Sodium Cloud in Interplanetary Space. Soviet Astron. - 1960. - Vol. 4. - P. 508–514.

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    Astapovich I.S. Kaplan S.A. Visual observation of artificial Earth satellites. – Beijing: Science Press, 1959. – 73 p. (in Chinesse).

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Novosyadlyj, B., Hnatyk, B., Kulinich, Y. et al. Samuil Kaplan and the development of astrophysical research at the Lviv University. EPJ H 47, 12 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/s13129-022-00045-w

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