Abstract
Because of the abundant forests of the world, wood is one of the most common materials found in historic buildings. Wood is relatively easy to fabricate into beams, columns, and roof systems using simple hand tools. However, because of its biological origin, wood is one of the most complex constructions materials. It is produced by thousands of different species of trees, and each type of wood has unique properties. Wood has an affinity for moisture and this can lead to biological deterioration caused by insects and decay fungi. This chapter presents information on understanding and preventing the mechanisms of wood deterioration in historic buildings. The chapter includes a discussion of wood preservation and technology, including wood finishes and wood preservative treatments, diffusible preservatives, and naturally durable wood species. A brief discussion about the repair of deteriorated timbers in buildings is also included.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Wood Preserver's Association, American Wood Preservers Association Standards (Sternsville, MD: AWPA, 1985).
United States Department of Agriculture, Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material (Washington, DC: USDA, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, US Government Printing Office, 1987).
American Wood-Preserver's Association, Book of Standards (Stevensville, MD: AWPA, 1987).
Anonymous, TIM-BOR Treatment Manual for Wood Preservation (Los Angeles, CA: United States Borax Corporation, 1986).
Avent, R., “Factors affecting strength of epoxy repaired timber” Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE 112(2) (1986a), pp. 207-221.
Avent, R., “Design criteria for epoxy repair of timber structures”, Journal of Structural Engineering 112(2) (1986b), pp. 222-239.
Baker, A.J., “Factors that influence the serviceability of wood structures: Chemicals”, in A. Freas (ed.), Evaluation, Maintenance and Upgrading of Wood Structures (New York, NY: ASCE, 1982), pp. 97-106.
Bianchini, R.J., “The use of borate-treated wood in structures”, in Hamel, M.P., ed., Wood Protection Techniques and the Use of Treated Wood in Construction (Forest Products Research Society Proc. 47358, 1988), pp. 104-106.
Buchanan, B. “Restoring and treating wood shakes and shingles”, New England Builder May (1988).
Campbell, R.N. and J.W. Clark, “Decay resistance of bald cypress heartwood”, Forest Products Journal 10(5) (1960), pp. 250-253.
Cassens, D.L. and W.C. Feist, Exterior Wood in the South: Selection, Applications, and Finishes (USDA Forest Service, FPL-GTR-69, 1991), p. 55.
DeGroot, R.C., “The use of naturally durable wood versus treated wood”, in Hamel, M.P., ed., Wood Protection Techniques and the use of Treated Wood in Construction (Madison, WI: Proc. 47358, FPRS, 1988), pp. 77-81.
Feist, W.C., “Weathering of wood and its control by water-repellent preservatives”, in M.P. Hamel (ed.), Wood Protection Techniques and the use of Treated Wood in Construction (Madison, WI: Forest Products Research Society, 1988), pp. 82-88.
Gutzmer, D.I., Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests (Madison, WI: USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Res. Note FPL-RN-02, 1991), p. 123.
Holmes, C.A. and R.O. Knispel, Exterior Weathering Durability of Some Leach Resistant Fire-retardant Treatments for Wood Shingles: A Five-year Report. Res. Pap. FPL-403 (Madison, WI: USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1981).
Kard, B.M., J.K. Mauldin and S.C. Jones, “The latest on termiticides” Pest Control 57(10) (1989), pp. 58, 60, 68.
Mannesmann, H., “Comparison of twenty one commercial wood species from North America in relation to feeding rates of the Formosan termite Cototermes Formosanus, Shirake”, Material Und Organismen 8(2) (1973), pp. 107-120.
Mettem, C.J. and G.C. Robinson, “The repair of structural timber”, in Proc. International Timber Engineering Conference (London, England, 1991), pp. 456-465.
Meyer, R.W. and R.M. Kellogg, Structural Use of Wood in Adverse Environments (New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1982).
Moodg, R.C. and G.E. Sherwood, “Light-frame construction research at USDA forest products laboratory — a status report”, Applied Engineering In Agriculture 2(4) (1986), pp. 167-173.
National Forest Products Association, National Design Specification for Wood Construction 1991 (Washington, DC: National Forest Products Association, 1991).
Preston, A.F., “New protection agents for wood products”, in M.P. Hamel (ed.), Wood Protection Techniques and the Use of Treated Wood in Construction (Madison, WI: Forest Products Research Society Proc. 47358, 1988), pp. 42-47.
Scheffer, T.C. and A.F. Verral, Principles of Protecting Wood Buildings from Decay (Madison, WI: USDA Forest Service, Research Paper FPL 190, 1979).
Scheffer, T.C., A.F. Verrall and G. Harvey, “fifteen-year appraisal of dip treating for protecting exterior woodwork; effectiveness on different wood species and in various climates”, Material und Organismen 6(1) (1971), pp. 27-44.
Stumes, P., Wood-epoxy Repair System Manual: Structural Rehabilitation of Deteriorated Timber (Fredericksburg, VA: Association for Preservation Technology, 1979).
TenWolde, A. and H.T. Mei, Moisture Movement in Walls in a Warm Humid Climate. Proc. Thermal Performance of Exterior Envelopes of Buildings III (Clearwater Beach, FL: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers, 1986), pp. 570-582.
Verrall, A.F. and T.L. Amburgey, Prevention and Control of Decay in Homes. Interagency Agreement IAA-25-75, USDA Forest Service and HUD, Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office (1978).
Williams, L.H., “Wood-inhabiting insects and their control: producer and user viewpoints”, in M.P. Hamel (ed.), Wood Protection Techniques and the Use of Treated Wood in Construction (Madison, WI: Forest Products Research Society, 1988), pp. 67-76.
Williams, L.H., Proceeding of the Symposium Integrated Protection Against Structural Wood-Infesting Pests, Gulfport, MS, USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station (1983).
Williams, R., “acid effects on accelerated wood weathering”, Forest Products Journal 37(2) (1987), pp. 37-38.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Loferski, J.R. Technologies for Wood Preservation in Historic Preservation. Archives and Museum Informatics 13, 273–290 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012468326445
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012468326445