Abstract
Researchers have documented that Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), particularly in the absence of a nurturing caregiver, can negatively impact cognitive, social-emotional, and physical development. ACEs can be co-occurring, which increases the number of adversities that individuals may experience. Using data from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project (N = 2361), this study examined the interrelatedness of ACEs for 14-month-old children. Three classes of ACEs exposures were identified: ACEs-Low (N = 1431, 60.6%), ACEs-Parent Maltreatment Risk (N = 636, 26.9%), and ACEs-Household Dysfunction (N = 294, 12.5%). Class membership was significantly associated with children’s cognitive, social-emotional, and physical development. Children in the ACEs-Parent Maltreatment Risk group had lower developmental scores across many domains than children in the ACEs-Low group, including cognitive and language development, and social-emotional measures. Children in families with greater household dysfunction (ACEs-Household Dysfunction) had fewer differences in development from the ACEs-Low group of children, primarily in domains that measure emotionality and in parent rating of health. Our study suggests that infants experience patterns of ACEs, which are differentially associated with outcomes at 14 months of age. Results highlight the need for informed early intervention efforts to mitigate the effects of ACEs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ammerman, R. T., Altaye, M., Putnam, F. W., Teeters, A. R., Zou, Y., & Van Ginkel, J. B. (2015). Depression improvement and parenting in low-income mothers in home visiting. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 18(3), 555–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-014-0479-7
Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B. D., Dube, S. R., & Giles, W. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4
Armour, C., Elklit, A., & Christoffersen, M. N. (2014). A latent class analysis of childhood maltreatment: Identifying abuse typologies. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 19(1), 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2012.734205
Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2014). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Using the BCH method in Mplus to estimate a distal outcome model and an arbitrary second model. Mplus Web Notes, 21(21), 1–22.
Bartlett, J. D., Griffin, J. L., Spinazzola, J., Fraser, J. G., Noroña, C. R., Bodian, R., Todd, M., Montagna, C., & Barto, B. (2018). The impact of a statewide trauma-informed care initiative in child welfare on the well-being of children and youth with complex trauma. Children and Youth Services Review, 84, 110–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHILDYOUTH.2017.11.015
Bayley, N. (1993). Bayley scales of infant development: Manual. Psychological Corp.
Bellis, M. A., Hughes, K., Ford, K., Ramos Rodriguez, G., Sethi, D., & Passmore, J. (2019). Life course health consequences and associated annual costs of adverse childhood experiences across Europe and North America: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 4(10), e517–e528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30145-8
Berzenski, S. R., & Yates, T. M. (2011). Classes and consequences of multiple maltreatment. Child Maltreatment, 16(4), 250–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559511428353
Bethell, C. D., Gombojav, N., & Whitaker, R. C. (2019). Family resilience and connection promote flourishing among US children, even amid adversity. Health Affairs, 38(5), 729–737. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05425
Bethell, C. D., Newacheck, P., Hawes, E., & Halfon, N. (2014). Adverse childhood experiences: Assessing the impact on health and school engagement and the mitigating role of resilience. Health Affairs, 33(12), 2106–2115. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0914
Bethell, C. D., Simpson, L. A., & Solloway, M. R. (2017). Child well-being and adverse childhood experiences in the United States. Academic Pediatrics, 17(7), S1–S3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2017.06.011
Bolck, A., Croon, M., & Hagenaars, J. (2004). Estimating latent structure models with categorical variables: One-step versus three-step estimators. In Political Analysis.https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mph001
Brophy-herb, H. E., Zajicek-farber, M. L., Bocknek, E. L., Mckelvey, L. M., & Stansbury, K. (2013). Longitudinal connections of maternal supportiveness and early emotion regulation to children’s school readiness in low -income families. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 4(1), 2–19. https://doi.org/10.5243/jsswr.201
Bradley, R. H., & Caldwell, B. M. (1988) Using the home inventory to assess the family environment. Pediatr Nurs. Mar-Apr, 14(2):97–102. PMID: 3353146
Burke Harris, N., Silvério Marques, S., Oh, D., Bucci, M., & Cloutier, M. (2017). Prevent, screen, heal: Collective action to fight the toxic effects of early life adversity. Academic Pediatrics, 17(7), S14–S15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2016.11.015
Buss, A., & Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early developing personality development. Wiley.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). ACE study: Data and statistics. Retrieved February 4, 2020, from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/prevalence.html
Dong, M., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Williamson, D. F., Thompson, T. J., Loo, C. M., & Giles, W. H. (2004). The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse and Neglect, 28(7), 771–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.01.008
Earls, M. F. (2010). Incorporating recognition and management of perinatal and postpartum depression into pediatric practice. Pediatrics, 126(5), 1032–1039. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2348
Evans, G. W., Li, D., & Whipple, S. S. (2013). Cumulative risk and child development. Psychological Bulletin, 139(6), 1342–1396. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031808
Felitti, V. J. (1993). Childhood sexual abuse, depression, and family dysfunction in adult obese patients: a case control study. South Med J. 1993 Jul;86(7):732-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199307000-00002. PMID: 8322078
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
Fenson, L., Marchman, V. A., Thal, D. J., Dale, P. S., Reznick, J. S., & Bates, E. (1993). MacArthur-Bates communicative development inventories: User’s guide and technical manual. Brookes.
Flaherty, E. G., Thompson, R., Litrownik, A. J., Theodore, A., English, D. J., Black, M. M., Wike, T., Whimper, L., Runyan, D. K., & Dubowitz, H. (2006). Effect of early childhood adversity on child health. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 160(12), 1232–1238. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.160.12.1232
Fuligni, A. S., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2013). Mother-child interactions in early head start: Age and ethnic differences in low-income dyads. Parenting, 13(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2013.732422
Fuligni, A. S., Brady-Smith, C., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Bradley, R. H., Chazan-Cohen, R., Boyce, L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2013). Patterns of supportive mothering with 1-, 2-, and 3-year-olds by ethnicity in early head start. Parenting, 13(1), 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2013.732434
Garner, A. S., Shonkoff, J. P., Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., Earls, M. F., Garner, A. S., McGuinn, L., Pascoe, J., & Wood, D. L. (2012). Early childhood adversity, toxic stress, and the role of the pediatrician: Translating developmental science into lifelong health. Pediatrics, 129(1), e224–e231. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2662
Gillespie, R. J., & Folger, A. T. (2017). Feasibility of assessing parental ACEs in pediatric primary care: Implications for practice-based implementation. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 10(3), 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-017-0138-z
Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., Berglund, P. A., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication I. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(2), 113. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186
Grogan-Kaylor, A., Ma, J., Lee, S. J., Castillo, B., Ward, K. P., & Klein, S. (2018). Using Bayesian analysis to examine associations between spanking and child externalizing behavior across race and ethnic groups. Child Abuse & Neglect, 86, 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHIABU.2018.10.009
Hunt, T. K. A., Slack, K. S., & Berger, L. M. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences and behavioral problems in middle childhood. Child Abuse and Neglect, 67, 391–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.005
Jenness, J. L., Peverill, M., Miller, A. B., Heleniak, C., Robertson, M. M., Sambrook, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2021). Alterations in neural circuits underlying emotion regulation following child maltreatment: A mechanism underlying trauma-related psychopathology. Psychological Medicine, 51(11), 1880–1889. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720000641
Jimenez, M. E., Wade, R., Lin, Y., Morrow, L. M., & Reichman, N. E. (2016). Adverse experiences in early childhood and kindergarten outcomes. Pediatrics, 137(2), e20151839–e20151839. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-1839
Jimenez, M. E., Wade, R., Schwartz-Soicher, O., Lin, Y., & Reichman, N. E. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences and ADHD diagnosis at age 9 years in a national urban sample. Academic Pediatrics, 17(4), 356–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2016.12.009
Johnson, D., Policelli, J., Li, M., Dharamsi, A., Hu, Q., Sheridan, M. A., McLaughlin, K. A., & Wade, M. (2021). Associations of early-life threat and deprivation with executive functioning in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. In JAMA Pediatrics, 175(11). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2511
Johnson, S. B., Riley, A. W., Granger, D. A., & Riis, J. (2013). The science of early life toxic stress for pediatric practice and advocacy. Pediatrics, 131(2), 319–327. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-0469
Kerker, B. D., Zhang, J., Nadeem, E., Stein, R. E. K., Hurlburt, M. S., Heneghan, A., Landsverk, J., & McCue Horwitz, S. (2015). Adverse childhood experiences and mental health, chronic medical conditions, and development in young children. Academic Pediatrics, 15(5), 510–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2015.05.005
Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 51(6), 706–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02202.x
Klein, K., Kemmerer, C., West, J., & Lim, G. (2016). Early head start research and evaluation project (EHSREP): 1996‐2010 measures compendium. Retrieved October 18, 2017, from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/opre/ehsrep_measures_final_508.pdf
Lacey, R. E., & Minnis, H. (2020). Practitioner review: Twenty years of research with adverse childhood experience scores – Advantages, disadvantages and applications to practice. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 61(2), 116–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13135
Lanier, P., Maguire-Jack, K., Lombardi, B., Frey, J., & Rose, R. A. (2018). Adverse childhood experiences and child health outcomes: Comparing cumulative risk and latent class approaches. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 22(3), 288–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-017-2365-1
Lansford, J. E., Deater-Deckard, K., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (2004). Ethnic differences in the link between physical discipline and later adolescent externalizing behaviors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(4), 801–812. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1469-7610.2004.00273.X
Lew, D., & Xian, H. (2019). Identifying distinct latent classes of adverse childhood experiences among US children and their relationship with childhood internalizing disorders. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 50(4), 668–680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-019-00871-y
Love, J. M., Kisker, E. E., Ross, C., Raikes, H., Constantine, J., Boller, K., Brooks-Gunn, J., Chazan-Cohen, R., Tarullo, L. B., Brady-Smith, C., Fuligni, A. S., Schochet, P. Z., Paulsell, D., Vogel, C., Raikes, H., Brooks-Gunn, J., Tarullo, L. B., Schochet, P. Z., Paulsell, D., & Vogel, C. (2005). The effectiveness of early head start for 3-year-old children and their parents: Lessons for policy and programs. Developmental Psychology, 41(6), 885–901. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.41.6.885
Love, J. M., Kisker, E. E., Ross, C., Schochet, P., Brooks‐Gunn, J., Paulsell, D., Boller, K., Constantine, J., Vogel, C. A., Fuligni, A. S., & Brady‐Smith, C. (2002). Making a difference in the lives of infants and toddlers and their families: The impacts of early head start. volume I: Final technical report. Retrieved October 16, 2015, from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/opre/impacts_vol1.pdf
Luby, J. L., Tillman, R., & Barch, D. M. (2019). Association of timing of adverse childhood experiences and caregiver support with regionally specific brain development in adolescents. JAMA Network Open, 2(9), e1911426–e1911426. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2019.11426
Maguire-Jack, K., Lanier, P., & Lombardi, B. (2019). Investigating racial differences in clusters of adverse childhood experiences. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90(1), 106–114. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000405
Marie-Mitchell, A., & O’Connor, T. G. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences: Translating knowledge into identification of children at risk for poor outcomes. Academic Pediatrics, 13(1), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2012.10.006
Marie-Mitchell, A., Lee, J., Siplon, C., Chan, F., Riesen, S., & Vercio, C. (2019). Implementation of the whole child assessment to screen for adverse childhood experiences. Global Pediatric Health, 6, 2333794X1986209. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794X19862093
McEwen, C. A., & Gregerson, S. F. (2019). A critical assessment of the adverse childhood experiences study at 20 years. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 56(6), 790–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.10.016
McKelvey, L. M., & Edge, N. C. (2020). Addressing adverse childhood experiences in family medicine: A multigenerational approach. In Family Medicine, 54(4), 243–245. STFM. https://doi.org/10.22454/FamMed.2020.278217
McKelvey, L. M., Conners Edge, N. A., Fitzgerald, S., Kraleti, S., Whiteside-Mansell, L., Edge, N. A. C., Fitzgerald, S., Kraleti, S., & Whiteside-Mansell, L. (2017a). Adverse childhood experiences: Screening and health in children from birth to age 5. Families, Systems and Health, 35(4), 420–429. https://doi.org/10.1037/fsh0000301
McKelvey, L. M., Selig, J. P., & Whiteside-Mansell, L. (2017b). Foundations for screening adverse childhood experiences: Exploring patterns of exposure through infancy and toddlerhood. Child Abuse and Neglect, 70, 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.002
McKelvey, L. M., Edge, N. C., Mesman, G. R., Whiteside-Mansell, L., & Bradley, R. H. (2018). Adverse experiences in infancy and toddlerhood: Relations to adaptive behavior and academic status in middle childhood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 82, 168–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.05.026
McKelvey, L. M., Saccente, J. E., & Swindle, T. M. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences in infancy and toddlerhood predict obesity and health outcomes in middle childhood. Childhood Obesity, chi.2018.0225. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2018.0225
McKelvey, L. M., Whiteside-Mansell, L., Conners-Burrow, N. A., Swindle, T., & Fitzgerald, S. (2016). Assessing adverse experiences from infancy through early childhood in home visiting programs. Child Abuse and Neglect, 51, 295–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.09.008
McKelvey, L. M., Whiteside-Mansell, L., Zhang, D., & Selig, J. P. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences in infancy: a latent class approach exploring interrelatedness of risks. Adversity and Resilience Science, 1–13.https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844-020-00003-9
McLaughlin, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2016). Beyond cumulative risk: A dimensional approach to childhood adversity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(4), 239–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416655883
McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2012). Childhood adversities and first onset of psychiatric disorders in a national sample of US adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(11), 1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2277
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Humphreys, K. L., Belsky, J., & Ellis, B. J. (2021). The value of dimensional models of early experience: Thinking clearly about concepts and categories. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6), 1463–1472. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691621992346
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2014). Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 47, 578–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012
McLaughlin, K. A., Weissman, D., & Bitrán, D. (2019). Childhood adversity and neural development: A systematic review. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 1(1), 277–312. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950
Milojevich, H. M., Lindquist, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2021). Adversity and emotional functioning. Affective Science, 2(3), 324–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-021-00054-w
Milojevich, H. M., Machlin, L., & Sheridan, M. A. (2020). Early adversity and children’s emotion regulation: Differential roles of parent emotion regulation and adversity exposure. Development and Psychopathology, 32(5), 1788–1798. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420001273
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2017). Mplus: Statistical Analysis with Latent Variables: User’s Guide (Version 8). Los Angeles, CA: Authors.
Moos, R., & Moos, B. (1994). Family environment scale manual: Development, applications, research - Third edition. Consulting Psychologist Press.
Porche, M. V., Costello, D. M., & Rosen-Reynoso, M. (2016). Adverse family experiences, child mental health, and educational outcomes for a national sample of students. School Mental Health, 8(1), 44–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-016-9174-3
Randell, K. A., O’Malley, D., & Dowd, M. D. (2015). Association of parental adverse childhood experiences and current child adversity. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(8), 786. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0269
Rivera, P. M., Fincham, F. D., & Bray, B. C. (2018). Latent classes of maltreatment: A systematic review and critique. Child Maltreatment, 23(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559517728125
Robitzsch, A. (2020). Why ordinal variables can (almost) always be treated as continuous variables: Clarifying assumptions of robust continuous and ordinal factor analysis estimation methods. Frontiers in Education, 5, 177. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.589965
Ross, C. E., Mirowsky, J., & Huber, J. (1983). Dividing work, sharing work, and in-between: Marriage patterns and depression. American Sociological Review, 48(6), 809–823. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095327
Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament. In N. Eisenberg, W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 99–166). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sandler, I. (2001). Quality and ecology of adversity as common mechanisms of risk and resilience. American Journal of Community Psychology, 29(1), 19–61. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005237110505
Schilling, C., Weidner, K., Schellong, J., Joraschky, P., & Pöhlmann, K. (2015). Patterns of childhood abuse and neglect as predictors of treatment outcome in inpatient psychotherapy: A typological approach. Psychopathology, 48(2), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1159/000368121
Scott, B. G., Burke, N. J., Weems, C. F., Hellman, J. L., & Carrión, V. G. (2013). The interrelation of adverse childhood experiences within an at-risk pediatric sample. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 6(3), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361521.2013.811459
Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2014). Dimensions of early experience and neural development: Deprivation and threat. In Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(11), 580–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.09.001
Shonkoff, J. P., Boyce, W. T., & McEwen, B. S. (2009). Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities: Building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention. JAMA, 301(21), 2252–2259. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.754
Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., Earls, M. F., Garner, A. S., McGuinn, L., Pascoe, J., & Wood, D. L. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), e232–e246. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2663
Thakur, N., Hessler, D., Koita, K., Ye, M., Benson, M., Gilgoff, R., Bucci, M., Long, D., & Burke Harris, N. (2020). Pediatrics adverse childhood experiences and related life events screener (PEARLS) and health in a safety-net practice. Child Abuse and Neglect, 108, 104685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104685
US Department of Health and Human Services. (1998). Early head start parent interview: For parents of 14-month-old infants. Retrieved November 01, 2020, from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/parents_of_14month_0.pdf
Wade, M., Sheridan, M. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020). Environmental determinants of physiological reactivity to stress: The interacting effects of early life deprivation, caregiving quality, and stressful life events. Development and Psychopathology, 32(5), 1732–1742. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420001327
Wade, R., Becker, B. D., Bevans, K. B., Ford, D. C., & Forrest, C. B. (2017). Development and evaluation of a short adverse childhood experiences measure. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52(2), 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.033
Whiteside-Mansell, L., McKelvey, L. M., Saccente, J., & Selig, J. P. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences of urban and rural preschool children in poverty. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(14), 2623. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142623
Wolff, K. T., Cuevas, C., Intravia, J., Baglivio, M. T., & Epps, N. (2018). The effects of neighborhood context on exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACE) among adolescents involved in the juvenile justice system: Latent classes and contextual effects. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(11), 2279–2300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0887-5
Acknowledgements
Findings reported here are based on research conducted as part of the national Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Administration for Children and Families (ACF) under Contract 105-95-1936 to Mathematica Policy Research, Princeton, NJ, and Columbia University’s Center for Children and Families, Teachers College, in conjunction with the Early Head Start Research Consortium. The consortium consists of representatives from 17 programs participating in the evaluation, 15 local research teams, the evaluation contractors, and ACF. Research institutions in the consortium include ACF; Catholic University of America; Columbia University; Harvard University; Mathematica Policy Research; Medical University of South Carolina; Michigan State University; New York University; NPC Research; University of Arkansas; University of California at Los Angeles; University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; University of Missouri-Columbia; University of Pittsburgh; University of Washington College of Education; University of Washington School of Nursing; and Utah State University.
Funding
This work was supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services of the Maternal and Child Health Bureau [R40MC29441].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
Families provided informed consent and the study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the participating universities.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Disclaimer
This information or content and conclusions are those of the author and should not be construed as the official position or policy of, nor should any endorsements be inferred by HRSA, ACF, HHS, or the US Government.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
McKelvey, L.M., Zhang, D., Whiteside-Mansell, L. et al. Exploring Interrelatedness of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Infancy and Toddlerhood: Using Latent Class Approaches to Examine Developmental Outcomes. ADV RES SCI 4, 33–46 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844-022-00066-w
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844-022-00066-w