Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Land Use Land Cover Change and Related Drivers have Livelihood Consequences in Coastal Bangladesh

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Earth Systems and Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Land Use Land Cover (LULC) changes differ based on geographic position, while different kinds of natural and physical components accelerate the changes along with impacts on surroundings and demographic background. Bangladesh has been experiencing significant changes in landscape settings, facilitating changes in people’s livelihoods. To understand the changing pattern of livelihood in coastal areas of Bangladesh, it is crucial to detect the LULC changes, including the influence of related drivers. Following the background, this study was conducted in Batiaghata Upazila of Khulna district to assess the LULC changes using RS and GIS techniques over 30 years (1990–2019). With the help of 15 key informant interviews and 2 focus group discussions, this study delves into the driving forces behind the ever-evolving changes in LULC. From the impact on the livelihood patterns of different groups of people, this study uncovers the mysteries behind these changes. Findings unveiled a tale of transformation in the study area. As the years passed, there was a decline in agriculture (7.6%) and fallow land (15.66%), and a surge in water bodies (20.68%) from 1990 to 2019. These significant changes in land use paint a picture of an ever-evolving landscape. From the devastating effects of natural disasters to the pursuit of profit and the drive for industrial advancement, a multitude of drivers are fueling the changes in land use. As literacy rates rise and temperatures fluctuate, the landscape is undergoing a transformation driven by these powerful forces. The ripple effects of LULC changes can be felt throughout the community, leaving a wake of disrupted livelihoods in its path. As opportunities narrow and marginalized groups feel the squeeze, it's crucial for stakeholders to act. By examining the changes in LULC and livelihoods aims to pave the way for a more sustainable future in coastal Bangladesh.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  • Abdullah AYM, Masrur A, Adnan MSG, Baky M, Al A, Hassan QK, Dewan A (2019a) Spatio-temporal patterns of land use/land cover change in the heterogeneous coastal region of Bangladesh between 1990 and 2017. Remote Sens 11(7):790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abdullah HM, Islam I, Miah MG, Ahmed Z (2019b) Quantifying the spatiotemporal patterns of forest degradation in a fragmented, rapidly urbanizing landscape: a case study of Gazipur, Bangladesh. Remote Sens Appl Soc Environ 13:457–465

    Google Scholar 

  • Afify HA (2011) Evaluation of change detection techniques for monitoring land-cover changes: a case study in new Burg El-Arab area. Alex Eng J 50(2):187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2011.06.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad H (2019) Bangladesh coastal zone management status and future trends. J Coastal Zone Manag 22(1):1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed KM, Sultana S, Chowdhury T, Islam R, Delwaruzzaman M, Alam SMU, Zheng Y (2021) Case Study 1: a resilient drinking water supply using aquifer storage recovery for coastal communities in Batiaghata, Khulna, Bangladesh. Managing aquifer recharge: A Showcase for Resilience and Sustainability, Paris, UNESCO, pp 89–96

  • Akber M, Islam M, Ahmed M, Rahman M, Rahman MR (2017) Changes of shrimp farming in southwest coastal Bangladesh. Aquacult Int 25(5):1883–1899

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akber MA, Khan MWR, Islam MA, Rahman MM, Rahman MR (2018) Impact of land use change on ecosystem services of southwest coastal Bangladesh. J Land Use Sci 13(3):238–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alam MA, Rahman MM (2015) Real estate business and its impact on urban growth: a study on Jalma Union, Batiaghata Upazila, Khulna. J Bangladesh Inst Plan ISSN 2075:9363

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali M, Hasnat GENT (2022) Urban landscape change detection using GIS and RS: Chattogram City Corporation, Bangladesh. In: Urban Ecology and Global Climate Change. Wiley, Blackwell, pp 104–120

  • Anderson CT, Cembrowski GS, Toren EC (1976) Computer-assisted differential diagnosis of laboratory abnormalities and follow-up testing: evaluation of the accuracy of a computer program. Am J Clin Pathol 65(2):234–241

  • Ariti AT, Vliet J, Verburg PH (2015) Land-use and land-cover changes in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia: assessment of perception and adaptation of stakeholders. Appl Geogr 65:28–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.10.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Association WM (2009) Declaration of Helsinki Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Jahrbuch Für Wissenschaft Und Ethik 14(1):233–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.10.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BBS (2011) Bangladesh bureau of statistics district statistics Khulna. Statistics and Informatics Division (SID), Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka

    Google Scholar 

  • Bera S, Das CN (2019) Mapping and monitoring of land use dynamics with their change hotspot in North 24-Parganas district, India: a geospatial-and statistical-based approach. Model Earth Syst Environ 5(4):1529–1551

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharjee S, Islam MT, Kabir ME, Kabir MM (2021) Land-use and land-cover change detection in a north-eastern wetland ecosystem of Bangladesh using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Earth Syst Environ 5(2):319–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biswas B, Mallick B (2021) Livelihood diversification as key to long-term non-migration: evidence from coastal Bangladesh. Environ Dev Sustain 23(6):8924–8948

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury MA, Hasan MK, Hasan MR, Younos TB (2020) Climate change impacts and adaptations on health of internally displaced people (IDP): an exploratory study on coastal areas of Bangladesh. Heliyon 6(9):e05018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clapano MB, Diuyan JMT, Rapiz FGB, Macusi ED (2022) Characteristics, Threats and Challenges of Shrimp Production among Small-Holder and Commercial Penaeus vannamei Shrimp Farmers in Davao Region, Philippines

  • Daoudi M, Niang AJ (2021) Detection of shoreline changes along the coast of Jeddah and its impact on the geomorphological system using GIS techniques and remote sensing data (1951–2018). Arab J Geosci 14(13):1–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng JS, Wang K, Li J, Deng YH (2009) Urban land use change detection using multisensor satellite images. Pedosphere 19(1):96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(08)60088-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewan AM, Yamaguchi Y (2009) Using remote sensing and GIS to detect and monitor land use and land cover change in Dhaka Metropolitan of Bangladesh during 1960–2005. Environ Monit Assess 150(1–4):237–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0226-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dey NN, Rakib AA, Kafy AA, Raikwar V (2021) Geospatial modelling of changes in land use/land cover dynamics using Multi-layer Perceptron Markov chain model in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. Environ Chall 4:100148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DOF (2009) Fishery statistical yearbook of Bangladesh. Fisheries Resources Survey System, Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Matshya Bhaban, Dhaka

    Google Scholar 

  • Duraisamy V, Bendapudi R, Jadhav A (2018) Identifying hotspots in land use land cover change and the drivers in a semi-arid region of India. Environ Monit Assess 190(9):1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards AJ (1999) Radiometric correction of satellite images: When and why radiometric correction is necessary. Applications of satellite and airborne image data to coastal management: seventh computer-based learning module. Lesson 3:79–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein J, Payne K, Kramer E (2002) Techniques for mapping suburban sprawl. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 63(9):913–918

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleiss JL, Cohen J (1973) The equivalence of weighted kappa and the intraclass correlation coefficient as measures of reliability. Educ Psychol Measur 33(3):613–619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fonji SF, Taff GN (2014) Using satellite data to monitor land-use land-cover change in North-eastern Latvia. Springerplus 3(61):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forkuo EK, Biney E, Harris E, Quaye-Ballard JA (2021) The impact of land use and land cover changes on socioeconomic factors and livelihood in the Atwima Nwabiagya district of the Ashanti region. Ghana Environ Chall 5:100226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasan MH, Hossain MJ, Chowdhury MA, Billah M (2020) Salinity intrusion in southwest coastal Bangladesh: an insight from land use change. Water, flood management and water security under a changing climate. Springer, Cham, pp 125–140

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan MS, Mahmud SI (2014) Detection of waterlogging areas based on passive remote sensing data in Jessore District of Khulna Division, Bangladesh. Int J Sci Res Publ 4(12):1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Hathout S (2002) The use of GIS for monitoring and predicting urban growth in East and West St Paul, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. J Environ Manag 66(3):229–238. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.2002.0596

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herold M, Goldstein NC, Clarke KC (2003) The spatiotemporal form of urban growth: measurement, analysis and modeling. Remote Sens Environ 86(3):286–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00075-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoque SF, Quinn CH, Sallu SM (2017) Resilience, political ecology, and well-being: an interdisciplinary approach to understanding social-ecological change in coastal Bangladesh. Ecol Soc. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09422-220245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoque MZ, Cui S, Islam I, Xu L, Tang J (2020) Future impact of land use/land cover changes on ecosystem services in the lower meghna river estuary. Bangladesh Sustain 12(5):2112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain MS, Johnson FA, Dearing JA, Eigenbrod F (2016) Recent trends of human wellbeing in the Bangladesh delta. Environ Dev 17:21–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huan VD (2022) Accuracy assessment of land use land cover LULC 2020 (ESRI) data in Con Dao island, Ba Ria-Vung Tau province, Vietnam. IOP Conf Ser 1028(1):012010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Islam W, Sarker SC (2016) Monitoring the changing pattern of land use in the Rangpur city corporation using remote sensing and GIS. J Geogr Inf Syst 08(04):537–545. https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2016.84045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Islam GMT, Islam AKMS, Shopan AA, Rahman MM, Lázár AN, Mukhopadhyay A (2015) Implications of agricultural land use change to ecosystem services in the Ganges delta. J Environ Manag 161:443–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.11.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Islam K, Jashimuddin M, Nath B, Nath TK (2018) Land use classification and change detection by using multi-temporal remotely sensed imagery: the case of Chunati wildlife sanctuary, Bangladesh. Egypt J Remote Sens Space Sci 21(1):37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2016.12.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Islam A, Leister CM, Mahmud M, Raschky PA (2020) Natural disaster and risk-sharing behavior: evidence from rural Bangladesh. J Risk Uncertain 61(1):67–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Islam ARMT, Talukdar S, Mahato S, Ziaul S, Eibek KU, Akhter S, Pham QB, Mohammadi B, Karimi F, Linh NTT (2021) Machine learning algorithm-based risk assessment of riparian wetlands in Padma River Basin of Northwest Bangladesh. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:34450–34471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson FA, Hutton CW, Hornby D, Lázár AN, Mukhopadhyay A (2016) Is shrimp farming a successful adaptation to salinity intrusion? A geospatial associative analysis of poverty in the populous Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna Delta of Bangladesh. Sustain Sci 11:423–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman YJ (1989) The atmospheric effect on remote sensing and its correction. Theory Appl Opt Remote Sens 4:336–428

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan MMH, Bryceson I, Kolivras KN, Faruque F, Rahman MM, Haque U (2015) Natural disasters and land-use/land-cover change in the southwest coastal areas of Bangladesh. Reg Environ Change 15(2):241–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lambin EF, Geist HJ, Lepers E (2003) Dynamics of land-use and land-cover change in tropical regions. Annu Rev Environ Resour 28:205–241. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lins KS, Kleckner RL (1996) Land cover mapping: An overview and history of the concepts. In: Scott JM, Tear TH, Davis WF (eds) Gap analysis: a landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, MD, pp 57–65

  • Liu H, Zhou Q (2004) Accuracy analysis of remote sensing change detection by rule-based rationality evaluation with post-classification comparison. Int J Remote Sens 25(5):1037–1050. https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116031000150004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • López-Serrano PM, Corral-Rivas JJ, Díaz-Varela RA, Álvarez-González JG, López-Sánchez CA (2016) Evaluation of radiometric and atmospheric correction algorithms for aboveground forest biomass estimation using Landsat 5 TM data. Remote Sens 8(5):369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu D, Mausel P, Brondizio E, Moran E (2004) Change detection techniques. Int J Remote Sens 25(12):2365–2401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mamun AA, Mahmood A, Rahman M (2013) Identification and monitoring the change of land use pattern using remote sensing and GIS: a case study of Dhaka City. IOSR J Mech Civil Eng 6(2):20–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mannion A (2014) Global environmental change: a natural and cultural environmental history. Routledge, Oxfordshire

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Matin MA, Chakraborty S, Amin AM, Ghosh A (2016) An assessment of shrimp aquaculture in selected coastal areas of Bangladesh. J NOAMI 33:103–116

    Google Scholar 

  • McHugh ML (2012) Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica 22(3):276–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra PK, Rai A, Rai SC (2020) Land use and land cover change detection using geospatial techniques in the Sikkim Himalaya, India. Egypt J Remote Sens Space Sci 23(2):133–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Morshed MM, Islam MS, Lohano HD, Shyamsundar P (2020) Production externalities of shrimp aquaculture on paddy farming in coastal Bangladesh. Agric Water Manag 238:106213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morshed M, Mazumder T, Sarkar SK, Sami FY, Ishra AK, Sydunnaher S (2022) Transformation towards a mega-regional formation of Khulna city. Bangladesh Spat Inform Res 30(5):665–677

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mukhopadhyay A, Hornby DD, Hutton CW, Lázár AN, Johnson FA, Ghosh T (2018) Land cover and land use analysis in coastal Bangladesh. In: Ecosystem services for well-being in deltas: integrated assessment for policy analysis. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp 367–381

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Nath S, vanLaerhoven F, Driessen PPJ (2019) Have Bangladesh’s polders decreased livelihood vulnerability? A comparative case study. Sustainability 11(24):7141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parvin GA, Ali M, Fujita K, Abedin M, Habiba U, Shaw R (2017) Land use change in southwestern coastal Bangladesh: consequence to food and water supply. Land use management in disaster risk reduction. Springer, Tokyo, pp 381–401

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pielke SRA, Adegoke J, BeltraáN-Przekurat A, Hiemstra CA, Lin J, Nair US, Niyogi D, Nobis TE (2007) An overview of regional land-use and land-cover impacts on rainfall. Tellus B 59(3):587–601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quassem M, vanUrk A, vanAlphen J, vanBeek E, Taal M (2006) Participatory flood management: comparative study of the Dutch and Bangladesh experience. In: Floods, from Defence to Management. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 133–146

  • Rahman A, Uddin MN (2021) Challenges and opportunities for saline agriculture in Coastal Bangladesh. Future of sustainable agriculture in saline environments. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 125–146

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman S, Rahman SH, Ullah MW (2000) Assessment of Water-logging extent using RS and GIS techniques and its possible remedial measures at the Kopotaksho basin area, Bangladesh

  • Rahman MTU, Tabassum F, Rasheduzzaman M, Saba H, Sarkar L, Ferdous J, Uddin SZ, Islam AZMZ (2017) Temporal dynamics of land use/land cover change and its prediction using CA-ANN model for southwestern coastal Bangladesh. Environ Monit Assess 189:1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rana MS, Sarkar S, Sadat MN, Tabassum T, Fahim AU (2022) Predicting potential change in land cover and its effect on the temperature of the land surface: a case study of Khulna City Corporation. Bangladesh Environ Urban Asia 13(2):247–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rani M, Masroor M, Kumar P (2021) Remote sensing of Ocean and Coastal Environment-Overview. Remote sensing of Ocean and Coastal environments. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Razzaque A, Alamgir M (2019) Indicator based spatial climate change vulnerability of South West Coastal Bangladesh. J Sci Res Rep 23(5):1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Regasa MS, Nones M, Adeba D (2021) A review on land use and land cover change in Ethiopian basins. Land 10(6):585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogan J, Miller J, Stow D, Franklin J, Levien L, Fischer C (2003) Land-cover change monitoring with classification trees using Landsat TM and ancillary data. Photogram Eng Remote Sens 69(7):793–804

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roy B, Saha P (2016) Temporal analysis of land use pattern changes in Chittagong District of Bangladesh using Google Earth and ArcGIS. Proceedings of the Annual Int’l Conference on Chemical Processes, Ecology & Environmental Engineering (ICCPEE’16), Pattaya, Thailand, 28–29. https://doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0416420

  • Rwanga SS, Ndambuki JM (2017) Accuracy assessment of land use/land cover classification using remote sensing and GIS. Int J Geosci 8(04):611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarwar MI, Billa M, Paul A (2016) Urban land use change analysis using RS and GIS in Sulakbahar ward in Chittagong city, Bangladesh. Int J Geom Geosci 7(1):1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiq S (2012) Batiaghata Upazila. In: Islam S, Jamal AA (eds) Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, 2nd edn. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka

  • Supriya K, Aggarwal RK, Bhardwaj SK (2019) Socio-economic impacts of land use changes in low hills of Himachal Pradesh. India Int J Chem Stud 7(2):589–595

    Google Scholar 

  • Tariq A, Yan J, Mumtaz F (2022) Land change modeler and CA-Markov chain analysis for land use land cover change using satellite data of Peshawar, Pakistan. Phys Chem Earth Parts a/b/c 128:103286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turker M, Asik O (2002) Detecting land use changes at the urban fringe from remotely sensed images in Ankara. Turkey Geocarto Int 17(3):47–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106040208542243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viana CM, Oliveira S, Oliveira SC, Rocha J (2019) Land use/land cover change detection and urban sprawl analysis. In: Spatial modeling in GIS and R for earth and environmental sciences. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 621–651

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Chen J, Gong P, Shimazaki H, Tamura M (2009) Land cover change detection with a cross-correlogram spectral matching algorithm. Int J Remote Sens 30(12):3259–3273. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160802562164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Zhang X, Peng P (2021) Spatio-temporal changes of land-use/land cover change and the effects on ecosystem service values in Derong County, China, from 1992–2018. Sustainability 13(2):827

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yesmin R, Mohiuddin ASM, Uddin MJ, Shahid MA (2014) Land use and land cover change detection at Mirzapur Union of Gazipur District of Bangladesh using remote sensing and GIS technology. IOP Conf Ser 20(1):012055. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/20/1/012055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zarin R (2014) Livelihood activities of female labor engaged in shrimp farming in south-western region of Bangladesh. J Bus Technol (dhaka) 9(1):1–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang M, Lin H, Long X, Cai Y (2021) Analyzing the spatiotemporal pattern and driving factors of wetland vegetation changes using 2000–2019 time-series Landsat data. Sci Total Environ 780:146615

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu S, Li Z, Hu X, Qie L, Xu H, Qiao R, Zhang Y, Golry P (2022) Evaluation and optimal selection of Dunhuang radiometric calibration site based on OLI/Landsat 8 and MSI/Sentinel 2 data. Int J Remote Sens 43(5):1684–1702

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all the people from the study area for their time and cordial support during data collection. We are also thankful to the experts for their valuable responses to fulfil the research objectives.

Funding

This study didn’t receive any funds to conduct this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA

    Md Hasibul Hasan & Mohammad Jobayer Hossain

  2. Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh

    Imran Hossain Newton, Afsana Afrin Esha & Sadmina Razzaque

  3. Department of Climate and Disaster Management, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh

    Md. Arif Chowdhury

Authors
  1. Md Hasibul Hasan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Imran Hossain Newton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Md. Arif Chowdhury
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Afsana Afrin Esha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sadmina Razzaque
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mohammad Jobayer Hossain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Md Hasibul Hasan.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

None of the authors of this paper have any conflicts of interest.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hasan, M.H., Newton, I.H., Chowdhury, M.A. et al. Land Use Land Cover Change and Related Drivers have Livelihood Consequences in Coastal Bangladesh. Earth Syst Environ 7, 541–559 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-023-00339-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-023-00339-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation